Clinical Science 1

Question 1

what type of RBC is evident in iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 1

microcytic and hypochromic

Question 2

low ferritin & depressed serum iron suggest this

Answer 2

iron deficiency anemia

Question 3

what does a low MCV mean?

Answer 3

no hemoglobin molecules to fill volume. microcytic (small average RBC size)

Question 4

the average volume of red cells in a specimen.

Answer 4

MCV

Question 5

what does high MCV mean?

Answer 5

large RBC size index that DNA isn’t working to reduce to correct size

Question 6

what is MCHC?

Answer 6

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. This is the average percentage of hemoglobin in each red blood cell.

Question 7

what does high MCHC indx?

Answer 7

A high MCH indicates poorly oxygenated blood.

Question 8

what does low MCHC indx?

Answer 8

A low MCH indicates iron deficiency

Question 9

what are 3 major sx of iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 9

1. fatigue
2. depression
3. craving for ice (pagophagia)

Question 10

an extreme form of iron deficiency anemia that is a precursor to esophageal cancer

Answer 10

plummer vinson syndrome

Question 11

what is the major cause of iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 11

insidious bleeding (Bleeding in GIT, particularly in males.)

Question 12

too much iron with reduced transferrin is why type of anemia?

Answer 12

hemolytic anemia (abnormal breakdown of RBCs causes a lot of iron and not enough transferrin to carry the iron.)

Question 13

what are 3 major sx of hemolytic anemia?

Answer 13

1. icterus (jaundice b/c of hemolysis. RBC too big to move through cells)
2. glossitus
3. vibration/proprioception issues

Question 14

a type of B12 anemia where the ST can’t absorb intrinsic factor

Answer 14

pernicious anemia

Question 15

disease where the ST can’t absorb B12. Prerequisite for gastric cancer

Answer 15

atrophic gastritis

Question 16

low cobalamin/cyancobalamin indx this

Answer 16

B12 xu

Question 17

what are 2 conditions that present with non-healing ulcers?

Answer 17

1. sickle cell anemia

2. diabetes mellitus

Question 18

valine is substituted for glutamic acid in this disease that causes crystallization of hemoglobin in RBCs

Answer 18

sickle cell anemia

Question 19

what are 4 factors that are dangerous for sickle cell patients?

Answer 19

1. hypoxia (lack of O2)
2. dehydration
3. acidity (don’t eat protein rich foods)
4. stress

Question 20

painless lymphodenapathy is a sx of this

Answer 20

cancer

Question 21

what is a primary sx of meningitis

Answer 21

photophobia (with positive Brudzinski, Kernig sx, stiffness in occiput, severe H/A)

Question 22

CALLA+ is a sign of what disease?

Answer 22

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - immature cells, very aggressive. BLAST CRISIS

Question 23

when red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow, it is called this

Answer 23

myelonphthisic bone marrow

Question 24

deficiency of platelets in the blood. This causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury.

Answer 24

thrombocytopenia

Question 25

presence of philadelphia chromosome is a sign of this

Answer 25

CML - chronic myelogenic leukemia (uncontrolled growth of immature cells that make a certain type of white blood cell called myeloid cells)

Question 26

presence of Reed Sternberg cells is a sign of this

Answer 26

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Question 27

does Hodgkin's Lymphoma typically affect young or old people?

Answer 27

young

Question 28

WBCs in the hundreds of thousands indx one of these 2 things

Answer 28

1. cancer of blood (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or leukemia) | 2. leukymoid reaction - very severe infection (e-coli/salmonella)

Question 29

a low number of normal-sized red blood cells may indx this

Answer 29

normocytic normochromic anemia

Question 30

a white blood cell count above the normal range in the blood. Frequently a sign of an inflammatory response as the result of infection or indx cancer

Answer 30

leukocytosis

Question 31

what are three LV enzymes that if elevated, indx issue with the LV? (if elevated, it means cells are dying.)

Answer 31

AP - alkaline phosphatase ALT - alanine transferace LDH

Question 32

Metastasis of cancer to the LV is usually indx by this sx

Answer 32

cahexia

Question 33

two nuclei that look like owl eyes indx. this

Answer 33

reed sternberg cell of Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 34

a leukemia of the blood and lymph

Answer 34

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 35

a leukemia spread through lymph, not blood

Answer 35

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 36

normocytic normochromic anemia not cause by aplastic anemia or severe bleeding usually indx this

Answer 36

chronic disease such as cancer

Question 37

what are the 3 most common causes of hypercalcemia?

Answer 37

1. hyperparathyroidism (most common) 2. cancer 3. thyroid

Question 38

the first sx of multiple myeloma is this. It results from________.

Answer 38

fixed bone pain due to punched out lesions (spurs)

Question 39

One of the most aggressive cancers, it's also a disease of the KD

Answer 39

multiple myeloma

Question 40

the main protein reserve of the human body. It plays a vital role in an intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolytes in balanced form and protects the body from infection and other blood disorders.

Answer 40

plasma

Question 41

what are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 41

1. erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) - 45% 2. leukocytes (white blood cells) - .7% 3. thrombocytes (platelets) in the plasma - 54.3%

Question 42

red bone marrow produces this

Answer 42

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Question 43

yellow bone marrow produces this

Answer 43

fat, cartilage, and bone

Question 44

what are the 4 main types of granulocytes (PMNs/WBCs)?

Answer 44

1. basophil - allergic/histamine responses 2. eosinophil 3. neutrophils - most common 4. mast cell