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Clinical Science 1 > Clinical Science 1 > Flashcards

Clinical Science 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of RBC is evident in iron deficiency anemia?

A

microcytic and hypochromic

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2
Q

low ferritin & depressed serum iron suggest this

A

iron deficiency anemia

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3
Q

what does a low MCV mean?

A

no hemoglobin molecules to fill volume. microcytic (small average RBC size)

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4
Q

the average volume of red cells in a specimen.

A

MCV

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5
Q

what does high MCV mean?

A

large RBC size index that DNA isn’t working to reduce to correct size

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6
Q

what is MCHC?

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. This is the average percentage of hemoglobin in each red blood cell.

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7
Q

what does high MCHC indx?

A

A high MCH indicates poorly oxygenated blood.

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8
Q

what does low MCHC indx?

A

A low MCH indicates iron deficiency

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9
Q

what are 3 major sx of iron deficiency anemia?

A
  1. fatigue
  2. depression
  3. craving for ice (pagophagia)
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10
Q

an extreme form of iron deficiency anemia that is a precursor to esophageal cancer

A

plummer vinson syndrome

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11
Q

what is the major cause of iron deficiency anemia?

A

insidious bleeding (Bleeding in GIT, particularly in males.)

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12
Q

too much iron with reduced transferrin is why type of anemia?

A

hemolytic anemia (abnormal breakdown of RBCs causes a lot of iron and not enough transferrin to carry the iron.)

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13
Q

what are 3 major sx of hemolytic anemia?

A
  1. icterus (jaundice b/c of hemolysis. RBC too big to move through cells)
  2. glossitus
  3. vibration/proprioception issues
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14
Q

a type of B12 anemia where the ST can’t absorb intrinsic factor

A

pernicious anemia

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15
Q

disease where the ST can’t absorb B12. Prerequisite for gastric cancer

A

atrophic gastritis

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16
Q

low cobalamin/cyancobalamin indx this

A

B12 xu

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17
Q

what are 2 conditions that present with non-healing ulcers?

A
  1. sickle cell anemia

2. diabetes mellitus

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18
Q

valine is substituted for glutamic acid in this disease that causes crystallization of hemoglobin in RBCs

A

sickle cell anemia

19
Q

what are 4 factors that are dangerous for sickle cell patients?

A
  1. hypoxia (lack of O2)
  2. dehydration
  3. acidity (don’t eat protein rich foods)
  4. stress
20
Q

painless lymphodenapathy is a sx of this

A

cancer

21
Q

what is a primary sx of meningitis

A

photophobia (with positive Brudzinski, Kernig sx, stiffness in occiput, severe H/A)

22
Q

CALLA+ is a sign of what disease?

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - immature cells, very aggressive. BLAST CRISIS

23
Q

when red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow, it is called this

A

myelonphthisic bone marrow

24
Q

deficiency of platelets in the blood. This causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury.

A

thrombocytopenia

25
Q

presence of philadelphia chromosome is a sign of this

A

CML - chronic myelogenic leukemia (uncontrolled growth of immature cells that make a certain type of white blood cell called myeloid cells)

26
Q

presence of Reed Sternberg cells is a sign of this

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

27
Q

does Hodgkin’s Lymphoma typically affect young or old people?

A

young

28
Q

WBCs in the hundreds of thousands indx one of these 2 things

A
  1. cancer of blood (non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma or leukemia)

2. leukymoid reaction - very severe infection (e-coli/salmonella)

29
Q

a low number of normal-sized red blood cells may indx this

A

normocytic normochromic anemia

30
Q

a white blood cell count above the normal range in the blood. Frequently a sign of an inflammatory response as the result of infection or indx cancer

A

leukocytosis

31
Q

what are three LV enzymes that if elevated, indx issue with the LV? (if elevated, it means cells are dying.)

A

AP - alkaline phosphatase
ALT - alanine transferace
LDH

32
Q

Metastasis of cancer to the LV is usually indx by this sx

A

cahexia

33
Q

two nuclei that look like owl eyes indx. this

A

reed sternberg cell of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

34
Q

a leukemia of the blood and lymph

A

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

35
Q

a leukemia spread through lymph, not blood

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

36
Q

normocytic normochromic anemia not cause by aplastic anemia or severe bleeding usually indx this

A

chronic disease such as cancer

37
Q

what are the 3 most common causes of hypercalcemia?

A
  1. hyperparathyroidism (most common)
  2. cancer
  3. thyroid
38
Q

the first sx of multiple myeloma is this. It results from________.

A

fixed bone pain due to punched out lesions (spurs)

39
Q

One of the most aggressive cancers, it’s also a disease of the KD

A

multiple myeloma

40
Q

the main protein reserve of the human body. It plays a vital role in an intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolytes in balanced form and protects the body from infection and other blood disorders.

A

plasma

41
Q

what are the formed elements of blood?

A
  1. erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) - 45%
  2. leukocytes (white blood cells) - .7%
  3. thrombocytes (platelets) in the plasma - 54.3%
42
Q

red bone marrow produces this

A

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

43
Q

yellow bone marrow produces this

A

fat, cartilage, and bone

44
Q

what are the 4 main types of granulocytes (PMNs/WBCs)?

A
  1. basophil - allergic/histamine responses
  2. eosinophil
  3. neutrophils - most common
  4. mast cell

Clinical Science 1 (2 decks)

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