Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam1_PSYC242 > Clinical Research > Flashcards

Clinical Research Flashcards

1
Q

Pros of case studies

A

unique phenomena (it allows you to look at a rare phenomena); used to generate hypotheses-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cons of case studies

A

Internal validity threats (e.g., lack of control- no systematic way to implement your control setting; no comparison group to compare) and external validity threats (e.g., hard to generalize it to the whole population)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Single Case Studies/Design

A

(A-B), or (ABAB):

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pros of single case

A

More internal control than case studies (e.g., standardized measure; systematic way you can ) and operationalized variables- defining what your variables are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cons of single case

A

External validity threats (e.g., ); is removing a treatment ethical?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Correlational Designs

A

bc you’re not introducing any controls- it has the most vulnerability towards internal validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pros of correlational designs

A

Good external validity; descriptive; and generate hypothesis based on conceptual relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cons of correlational designs

A

Internal validity threats (e.g., no random assignment or manipulation) and no causality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pros of Experimental Design

A

random assignment!!!!!!!!!!

manipulation or control of variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cons of Experimental design

A

external validity threats (e.g., )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Threats to internal validity:

A
  1. history
  2. repeated testing-
  3. statistical regression
  4. selection bias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Threats to external validity

A
  1. sample characteristics
  2. stimulus characteristics
  3. reactivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sample characteristics

A

characteristics of research participants do not maponto population

E.g. ACT + ERP study with only PSYC 101 students (e.g., convenient sample- they are not going to reflect typical population with anxiety disorder, or OCD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stimulus characteristics

A

features of the study constrain generalizability:

E.g., highly trained therapists in RCT (often have clinicians- they are trained very well but in the real world, that is not the case because it is not implemented as well as highly trained therapists in RCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reactivity

A

different response because know they are in a study/assessment

E.g., participants always complete H.W. for a DBT study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Statistical significance

A

difference scores (pre/post) on a measure are larger than chance; the difference between two groups’ scores on a measure is greater than chance

<5% chance the difference score would occur due to random error (e.g., internal/external validity threats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical significance

A

Did the intervention have a meaningful impact on function?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True/False: if something is statistically significant, it also means that it is clinically significant.

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Reliable Change Index

A

did post-score move within 2 SD’s of mean score for non-distressed sample?

20
Q

Psychotherapy historically guided by ___________

A

clinical experience and basic research

21
Q

EBP originally a _______________ model

A

medical- very rigid, very black-or-white

22
Q

Three factors in EBP (empirically based practice)

A

three factors: 1. clinical expertise 2. best research evidence 3. patient values and preferences

EBP leads to clinical practice guidelines

= somehow got translated to being EST (empirically supported treatment)

23
Q

Publication bias

A

file-drawer problem;

highlighting less prominent, but less signficant results (misleading results) and withholding all studies that were not significant and reworking hypothesis

24
Q

Challenges of EBP: presentation of statistical results

A 
effect size (Bradley talked about this) 
empirically supported (vs. unsupported)
25
Q

Challenges of EBP: proposed statistics

A

i. Percent recovered/percent improved (important what the denominator is- more liberal is when you look at percent recovered/people who completed the trial); e.g., starting with 100 participants; only 20 people completed and only 10 people got better- 10/20 = 50% sounds better)
ii. Residual post-treatment symptomotology: how are people functioning AFTER the treatment (they need to follow up with long-term treatement)

26
Q

Western, Bradley article

A
  1. mimicking the medical model
  2. pitfalls of comparing to “no-treatment” or “intent-to-fail” treatments
  3. Exclusion criteria
27
Q

Example of case studies

A

using ERP with dissociative identify disorder; CBT with child-onset schizophrenia (if it is rare then case studies)

28
Q

Multiple baseline

A

treatment applied at different locations; time periods

29
Q

Examples of correlational studies

A

Comparing the achievement test scores of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder who received early intervention to individuals with ASD who did not receive early intervention

30
Q

Threats to internal validity: history

A

influence of other events (systematic influencing variable that is causing the change)

e.g. NCAA championship game: if we wnated to see depression medication: all groups seem to improve- so is that due to the medication or outside

31
Q

Threats to internal validity: Repeated testing

A

familiarity and memory for responses e.g., achievement testing

32
Q

Threats to internal validity: statistical regression

A

extreme scores move towards the mean; this is the concept that if you have extreme scores, the scores are going to be less extreme b/c they tend towards to average; if anything it’s going to come down or stay the same

e.g., post-tx testing of individuals with high anxiety

33
Q

Threats to internal validity: selection bias

A

recruiting students in 8 am class for tx group and in 2 pm class for control group

34
Q

Turner

A

Focused on publication bias

Presenting information in a descriptive mannner

35
Q

Efficacy is to _______________ as effectiveness is to _________________.

A

Internal validity; external validity

36
Q

Case studies take which of the following approaches to studying clinical phenomena?

A

Idiographic

37
Q

When participants for a treatment outcome study are selected based on strict criteria and are randomly assigned to a control or treatment group they are likely participating in what kind of study?

A

Efficacy

38
Q

Psychotherapy outcome studies that are interested in how well they work in the “real-world” are examining the therapy’s ______________.

A

Effectiveness

39
Q

The Turner et al. study highlighted that the studies most likely to be published were ______________________.

A

the ones with significant and positive findings.

40
Q

The authors contend that a pharmaceutical model for psychological treatment is not appropriate because many “treatments” are discovered _______________.

A

from clinical practice

41
Q

In his TED Talk, Goldacre suggested that some scientists (not mass media) “rig” their data by _________________________.

A

giving extremely high or low doses of a treatment to participants in certain conditions.

42
Q

EST studies make the assumption that a syndrome is discrete and can be treated via one modality. What is problematic with this assumption?

A

Most disorders co-occur/interact with symptoms of other disorders.

43
Q

What is the purpose of a treatment outcome study?

A

is to determine how well their therapies work

44
Q

What is the purpose of an analogue design?

A

When clinical psychologists seek to study clinical populations or situations but are unable to access them adequately, they may conduct a study with an analogue design.

45
Q

Efficacy

A

how well it works in a lab; outcome for treated individuals is compared via clinical trial with outcome for individuals who receive alternate or no treatment

46
Q

Participants in efficacy research

A

Participants are often selected on the basis of meeting strict (e.g., diagnostic) criteria and are randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a control group

47
Q

Effectiveness

A

how well it works “in the real world,” or how well it translates from the lab to the clinics, agencies, hospitals, private practices, and other settings where clinical psychologists conduct therapy

Exam1_PSYC242 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions