Clinical Psychology (Theory, Intervention, and Research)

Question 1

Psychodynamic therapies share the following core assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 1

1. Human behavior is motivated by unconscious processes
2. Early development has a profound effect on adult functioning
3. Universal principles explain personality development and behavior
4. Insight into unconscious processes is a key component of psychotherapy

Question 2

The psychodynamic psychotherapies include:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 2

1. Freud’s psychoanalysis
2. Adler’s individual psychotherapy
3. Jung’s analytical psychotherapy
4. Object relations therapy

Question 3

Freud’s personality theory consists of two separate but inter-related theories:
1.
2.

Answer 3

Structural (drive) theory

Developmental theory (psychosexual development)

Question 4

Freud’s Structural theory posits that personality is made up of 3 structures:

Answer 4

Id, Ego, SuperEgo

Question 5

Id:

Developed at ____
Consists of ____
Operates on the basis of the _____ principle, meaning it seeks ____

Answer 5

Present at birth
Consists of person’s life or death instincts, is the source of psychic energy
Operates on the basis of the pleasure principle
Seeks immediate gratification of instinctual drives and needs in order to avoid tension

Question 6

Ego

Developed at _____
Operates on the _______ principle, meaning:
The primary role is ______

Answer 6

Developed at 6 months old in response to the id’s inability to gratify all its needs

Operates on the REALITY principle, meaning it defers gratification of the id’s instincts until an appropriate object is available in reality, employing secondary process thinking (realistic and rational thinking and planning)

Primary role of the ego is to mediate the often conflicting demands of the Id, reality, and superego (when it later develops)

Question 7

Superego

Develops at _____
Represents _______
Attempts to ________ the id’s socially unacceptable impulses

Answer 7

Develops at 4-5 years of age

Represents an internalization of society’s values and standards, which are conveyed to the child by his parents rewards and punishments

Attempts to completely block/shut out the id’s unwanted impulses (unlike the ego which delays them)

Question 8

Freud’s developmental theory emphasizes ___________ and proposes that personality is formed ____________

Answer 8

The sexual drives of the id

Personality is formed during childhood as the result of experiences during five predetermined psychosexual stages of development

During each stage, the id’s libido (sexual energy) is focused on a different part of the body, and over- or under- gratification of needs at each stage results in a different personality outcome

Question 9

What are Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages?

Answer 9

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

Question 10

Freud conceptualized anxiety as

Answer 10

An unpleasant sensation from the autonomic nervous system that functions to alert the ego to an impending internal or external threat

Internal threat- conflict between id and superego
External threat- actual threat in the external environment

Question 11

The ego employs defense mechanisms when:

Defense mechanisms serve to:

Answer 11

The ego is unable to ward of danger through rational/realistic means

They serve to reduce anxiety

Question 12

Defense mechanisms share two characteristics:
1.
2.

Answer 12

1. They operate on an unconscious level

2. They distort or deny reality

Question 13

What is the most basic defense mechanism?

Answer 13

Repression

This underlies all other defense mechanisms
Occurs when the id’s drives and needs are kept out of conscious awareness and maintained in the unconscious

Question 14

Freud’s theory understands psychopathology to stem from:

Answer 14

An unconscious, unresolved conflict that occurred during childhood

Examples:

Phobia = the result of displacement of anxiety onto an object/event that is symbolic of an abject/event involved in an unresolved conflict

Depression = object loss coupled with anger toward the object turned inward

Mania = defense mechanism against libidinal or aggressive urges that threaten to overwhelm the ego

Question 15

What is the goal of Freudian psychoanalytic therapy

Answer 15

Reduce/eliminate psychopathological symptoms by bringing the unconscious into the conscious awareness and integrating previously repressed material into the personality

Question 16

Psychic determinism (Freud)

Answer 16

Freudian belief that all behaviors are meaningful and serve some psychological function

This principle underlies analysis (e.g., of dreams, free association)

Ex. Slips of the tongue (parapraxes) are not meaningless accidents but are expression of unconscious motives

Question 17

In psychoanalysis, analysis (of dreams, free association, transference, etc) consists of a combination of these steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 17

1. Confrontation - making statements that help the client see the behavior in a new way
2. Clarification - clarifying the client’s feelings and restating his/her remarks more clearly
3. Interpretation - explicitly connecting conscious behavior to unconscious processes
4. Working through - gradual assimilation of new insights into personality

Question 18

Progress in psychoanalysis is attributed to:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 18

1. Catharsis- emotional release resulting from the recall of unconscious material
2. Insight - gaining understanding between unconscious processes and conscious behavior
3. Working through - assimilating insights into personality

Question 19

Recent modifications to Freudian theory include a __________ view of the therapeutic relationship and reconceptualization of ______________

Answer 19

More collaborative and egalitarian

Transference and countertransference

Question 20

Recent reconceptualization of transference in psychoanalysis has moved away from _______ and instead conceptualizes transference as _______

Answer 20

Prior conceptualizations of transference as a distortion of reality

Current conceptualization of transference as the patient’s response to the therapist’s actual behavior and an attempt to make meaning of that behavior

Question 21

In current psychoanalysis, countertransference is considered an important source of information about _______

Answer 21

The patient; can be an important contributor to the curative process when recognized and managed appropriately

Question 22

Brief psychodynamic therapies have been developed and share the following characteristics:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 22

1. They are time limited and target a specific interpersonal problem (usually identified in session 1)
2. Begin using interpretation (connect conscious to unconscious) early in the process
3. Emphasize the development of a strong working alliance

Question 23

Adler’s teleological approach views behavior as:

Answer 23

Primarily motivated by a person’s future goals, rather than determined by past events

Question 24

Adler and Freud agreed that __________

Adler disagreed with Freud about the importance of ____________ in the development of personality

Answer 24

All behavior is meaningful/purposeful

Unconscious instinctual forces (especially sexual drives)

Question 25

What are the four key concepts in Adler’s Individual Psychotherapy?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 25

1. Inferiority Feelings
2. Striving for Superiority
3. Style of Life
4. Social Interest

Question 26

Adler’s concept of “inferiority feelings”

Develop in _________ as a result of ________

Inferiority feelings are important because…

Answer 26

Develop during childhood as a result of real or perceived weaknesses (can be biological, psychological, or social)

The way a person compensates for inferiority feelings determines their “style of life”,
Psychological symptoms may be maladaptive ways of compensating with these feelings

Question 27

Adler’s “striving for superiority”

Answer 27

An inherent tendency toward perfect completion

The ways in which a person strives for superiority contributes to their “style of life”

Question 28

Adler’s Style of Life

Is influenced by ____________ and is well established by _________

Healthy style of life is marked by goals that reflect ______

Unhealthy (mistaken) style of life is marked by goals that reflect ____

Answer 28

Represents the unified aspects of personality, determined by the ways an individual compensates for inferiority and achieves superiority

It is influenced by early experiences, particularly within the family, and is established by 4-5 years old

Healthy style of life is marked by goals that reflect optimism, confidence, and concern for the wellbeing of other

Unhealthy style of life is marked by goals that reflect self-centeredness, competitiveness, striving for personal power

Question 29

How does Adler conceptualize psychopathology/maladaptive behavior?

Answer 29

Psychological symptoms/maladaptive behavior/mental disorders represent a mistaken/unhealthy style of life

Characterized by maladaptive attempts to compensate for feelings of inferiority, a preoccupation with achieving personal power, and a lack of social interest

Question 30

Adlerian therapy involves:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 30

1. Establishing a collaborative relationship with the client
2. Helping the client identify/understand their style of life and it’s consequences
3. Reorienting the client’s beliefs/goals so that they support a more adaptive lifestyle

Question 31

Systematic Training for Effective Teaching (Dinkmeyer, McKay, & Dinkmeyer, 1980)

Based on ______’s approach
Assumes behavior is _________

Understands the misbehavior of young children as…

Answer 31

Based on Adler’s approach
Assumes all behavior is goal directed and purposeful

Understands the misbehavior of young children as motivated by having one of four goals - attention, power, revenge, or to display deficiency - which all represent an overarching desire to belong and faulty beliefs about what is needed to belong

ex. Attention-seeking behavior stems from a belief “I belong only when I am noticed”

Question 32

Jung’s personality theory:

Personality is the consequence of both ______ and ______ factors

Personality consists of two attitudes, _________ and __________
It also consists of four basic psychological functions:

Answer 32

Personality is the consequence of both conscious and unconscious factors

Personality consists of two attitudes:
-Introversion and Extraversion
And four basic psychological functions:
-Thinking, Feeling, Sensing, Intuiting

Question 33

Jung’s personality theory: conscious

Conscious is oriented to the __________ and governed by the ________.
The conscious represents:

Answer 33

Conscious is oriented to the external world and governed by the ego
It represents the individuals thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensory perceptions, and memories

Question 34

Jung’s personality theory: personal unconscious

Answer 34

Contains experiences that were unconsciously perceived OR were once conscious but have now been forgotten or repressed

Question 35

Jung’s personality theory: collective unconscious

Answer 35

The repository of latent memory traces that have been passed down from one generation to the next

Includes ARCHETYPES

Question 36

Jung’s personality theory: Archetypes

Answer 36

Part of the collective unconscious
“Primordial images” that cause people to experience and understand certain phenomena in a universal way

The self- represents a striving for unity of different parts of the personality
The persona - the public mask
The shadow - the “dark side” of personality
The anima - feminine aspects of personality
The animus - masculine aspects of personality

Question 37

Regarding development, Freud’s theory ___________ while Jung’s theory ___________

Answer 37

Freud’s theory emphasized early development, particularly the first 6 years of life

Jung viewed development as continuing throughout the lifespan and was most interest in development after the mid-30s

Question 38

Jung’s personality theory- Individuation

Answer 38

Integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche

Leads to the development of a unique identity

Later in life, leads to the development wisdom

Question 39

Jung conceptualized psychological symptoms/maladaptive behavior as…

Answer 39

Unconscious messages to the individual that something is wrong, and that presents them with a task that demands to be fulfilled

Question 40

The primary goal of Jungian therapy is ________

________ and __________ are emphasized

Answer 40

To rebridge the gap between the conscious and the personal and collective unconscious
Help client increase awareness of inner work

Dreamwork is emphasized to increase the awareness of the collective unconscious (due to symbolic nature of archetypes)
Transference is also important and is considered to be a projection of the personal and collective unconscious

Jungian therapy takes an optimistic view and focuses mostly on the here and now

Question 41

Melanie Klein, Ronald Fairbairn, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg

Are all ___________ theorists

Answer 41

Object Relations Theorists

Question 42

Object Relations Theory

Answer 42

Object-seeking (seeking relationships with others) is a basic inborn drive

A child’s early relationships with objects and their internalized representations of those objects and relationships (interojects) become part of the self and influence interactions with others in the future

Question 43

Mahler’s (Object Relations) Theory of Personality Development

Answer 43

Focuses on the processes by which an infant assumes their own physical and psychological identity

She has a model of development that includes several phases and sub phases

Question 44

Mahler - Stages of Development: Normal Infantile Stage

When:
What:

Answer 44

Occurs during the first month of life

During this phase, the infant is self-absorbed and oblivious to the external environment

Question 45

Mahler - Stages of Development: Normal symbiotic phase

When:
What:

Answer 45

After the first month of life (1-4 months old)

The child becomes aware of the mother, but is unable to distinguish between “me” and “not me”

Question 46

Mahler- Stages of Development: separation-individuation phase

When:
What happens:
The outcome:

Answer 46

Begins at 4-5 months of age, lasts until age 3

The development of actual object relations begins to occur.
First, the infant takes steps towards separation through exploring the environment
Then goes through a conflict between independence/dependence (separation anxiety)
By age 3 has developed a permanent sense of self/the object (sees self as separate and related)

Question 47

How do Object Relations Theorists conceptualize psychopathology/maladaptive behavior

In general…

Mahler thought….

Kernberg thought….

Answer 47

In general, OR theorists see maladaptive behavior as caused by abnormalities in the development of early object relations

Mahler: adult psychopathology can be traced to problems during the separation/individuation phase

Kernberg: in infancy there is a tendency to split object relations into categories (good vs bad) and inadequate resolution of this splitting is a cause of adult psychopathology (ex Borderline Personality Disorder)

Question 48

Primary goal of therapy from Object Relations perspective

Answer 48

Bring maladaptive unconscious object relations dynamics into consciousness so that dysfunctional internalized object representations can be replaced with functional ones

Question 49

The humanistic psychotherapies share the following characteristics:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 49

1. A phenomenological approach- to understand a person you must understand their subjective experience
2. Focus on current behavior
3. A belief in the individuals inherent potential for self-determination and self-actualization
4. View of therapy as involving an authentic, collaborative, and egalitarian relationship between therapist and client
5. Rejection of traditional assessment techniques and diagnostic labels

Question 50

The humanistic therapies include:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 50

Person-centered therapy
Gestalt therapy
Existential therapy
Reality therapy

Question 51

What are the constructivist therapies?

Kelly’s personal construct therapy

Answer 51

Incorporate many other approaches, especially humanistic

Distinguished by their emphasis on the client’s perspective of reality, which is viewed as being, to some degree, individually and socially constructed

Goal of therapy is to examine the process of making meaning, as opposed to the accuracy/rationality of meaning that has been previously constructed

Question 52

Person Centered therapy was created by ______

Also referred to as:
__________ or ___________

Answer 52

Carl Rogers

Rogerian therapy, client-centered therapy

Question 53

The central belief of person centered therapy is that…..

Answer 53

All people have an innate “self-actualizing” tendency that serves as the major source of motivation and guides them towards healthy, positive growth

Question 54

Carl Roger’s personality theory:

Conceptualized the “self” as:

Roger’s believed all people can become self-actualized, but to do so the self must_____

Answer 54

The self - “the organized, consistent, conceptual gestalt composed of:

• perceptions of the characteristics of the “I” or “me”
• perceptions of the relationships of the “I” or “me” to others or various aspects of life
• the values attached to these perceptions

To become self-actualized, the self must remain unified, organized, and whole

Question 55

How did Roger’s conceptualize psychopathology/maladaptive behavior

Answer 55

When a person experiences incongruence between the self and experience

Often related to conditions of worth (e.g., a child discovering love from parents as conditional)

Incongruence is experienced as “unpleasant visceral sensations” anxiety which serve as a signal that the unified self is being threatened, and the individual may employ defenses (distortion, denial) that relieve distress in the short term but interfere with self-actualization

Question 56

The primary goal of person-centered therapy is:

Answer 56

To help the client achieve congruence between the self and experience so they can become a more fulfilled, self-actualizing person

Question 57

Rogerian therapy is based on the premise that ___________

Answer 57

When the right environment is provided by the therapist, the client will achieve congruence and then be carried by their own inherent tendency towards self-actualization

Question 58

Rogerian therapy uses these three “facilitative conditions” in therapy:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 58

1. Unconditional positive regard / Respect
2. Genuineness / Congruence
3. Accurate Empathetic Understanding

Question 59

Gestalt therapy was founded by

Answer 59

Fritz Perls

Question 60

The basic premise of Gestalt therapy is:

Answer 60

Each person is capable of assuming the responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings, and actions and living as an integrated whole

Question 61

Gestalt therapy draws from principles from psychoanalysis, phenomenology, and existentialism, as well as these key principles from Gestalt psychology:
1. 
2.
3.
4.
5.

Answer 61

1. People tend to seek closure
2. People’s “gestalts” tend to reflect their current needs
3. A person’s behavior represents a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts
4. Behavior can be fully understood only in it’s context
5. A person experiences their world in accord with the principle of figure/ground

Question 62

Gestalt therapy - Personality theory

Personality consists of _________ and _________

Which aspect of personality is dominant depends on ________

Answer 62

Personality consists of:
self - creative aspect of the person that promotes the inherent tendency towards self-actualization
Self image - the “darker side” that hinders growth and self-actualization by imposing external standards

Which aspect is dominant is dependent on a child’s early interactions with the environment

Question 63

Fritz Perls/Gestalt therapy conceptualizes maladaptive behavior (“neurotic” behavior) as:

Answer 63

A “growth disorder” that involves the abandonment of the self for the self image

Results in a lack of integration

Often stems from a disturbance in the boundary between the self and the external environment that interferes with an individual’s ability to satisfy their needs and maintain homeostasis

Question 64

The four “boundary disturbances” described by Fritz Perls are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 64

1. Introjection
2. Projection
3. Retroflection
4. Confluence

Question 65

Perl’s boundary disturbances:

Introjection

Answer 65

Occurs when a person “psychologically swallows” whole concepts
E.g., when a person accepts facts, standards, etc from the environment without actually understanding or assimilating them

Interojects are often overly compliant and struggle to distinguish between “me” and “not me”

Question 66

Perl’s boundary disturbances:

Projection

Answer 66

Disowning aspects of the self by assigning them to other people

Paranoia = extreme projection

Question 67

Perl’s boundary disturbances:

Retroflection

Answer 67

Doing to oneself what one wants to do to others

Ex. Turning anger towards another person inwards instead

Question 68

Perls’ boundary disturbances:

Confluence

Answer 68

Refers to the absence of a boundary between oneself and the environment

Causes intolerance of any difference between the self and others

Often underlies guilt and resentment

Question 69

The primary goal of Gestalt therapy is:

Answer 69

To help the client become a unified whole by integrating the various aspects of the self

Question 70

The primary curative factor in Gestalt therapy is thought to be:

Answer 70

Awareness

Defined as a full understanding of one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions in the here and now

Question 71

What are some techniques used in Gestalt therapy to build awareness and work towards understanding and integration of parts of the self?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 71

1. Empty chair technique
2. Role Play/Games of dialogue (e.g., role play a conversation between two parts of the self)
3. Guided fantasy (guided imagery- visualize an event in the here and now)
4. Dream work (dreams symbolize different parts of the self- clients role play elements of the dream to lead to integration)

Question 72

Logotherapy is one form of ___________ therapy that was created by _______

Answer 72

Existential

Victor Frankl

Question 73

Existential therapies:

Are derived from ________

Share an emphasis on _________

Assume that people are __________

Answer 73

Derived from existential philosophy

Emphasize personal choice and a responsibility for creating a meaningful life

Assume that people are not static, but are in a constant state of evolving and becoming

Question 74

Existential therapists conceptualize maladaptive behavior as:

Answer 74

An inability to cope authentically with the ultimate concerns of existence:

• death
• freedom
• existential isolation
• meaninglessness

Question 75

Existential therapists differentiate between existential anxiety and neurotic anxiety:

Existential anxiety:

Neurotic anxiety:

Answer 75

Existential anxiety is considered a normal response to ultimate concerns
-can serve as motivation to grow and change

Neurotic anxiety is often an attempt to avoid existential anxiety

• is out of proportion to the situation that elicited it
• is often outside of conscious awareness
• can be immobilizing

Question 76

What is the primary goal of existential therapy?

Answer 76

Help client’s live in more committed, self-aware, authentic, and meaningful ways

Help clients recognize their freedom to choose their own destinies and accept responsibility for changing their own lives

Question 77

Reality Therapy was created by

Answer 77

William Glasser

Question 78

Reality therapy:

Based on _____ theory

Assumes:

Focuses on:

Answer 78

Based on choice theory (previously known as control theory)

Assumes that people are responsible for the choices they make

Focuses on how people make the choices that affect the course of their lives

Question 79

Glasser (reality therapy): Personality Theory

People have these five innate needs, which serve as the primary source of motivation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most powerful

Answer 79

1. Survival
2. Love and belonging
3. Power
4. Freedom
5. Fun

Love and belonging is the most powerful

Question 80

Glasser (Reality Therapy) - Personality theory

Based on how people are/are not able to fulfill their innate needs, people develop either:

_________ identity

_________ identity

Answer 80

Success identity

Failure identity

Question 81

Glasser (Reality Therapy)- Personality theory

Success Identity

Answer 81

Achieved when a person fulfills their needs in a responsible way
- a conscious and realistic manner that does not infringe on the rights of others

Question 82

Glasser (Reality Therapy) Personality theory:

Failure identity

Answer 82

Occurs when a person is unable to fulfill their needs or when they fulfill them in irresponsible ways

This identity is believed to underlie most mental illness

Question 83

How does William Glasser (Reality Therapy) conceptualize maladaptive behavior/mental illness?

Answer 83

Fundamentally assumes that mental illness is the result of an individual’s choices

E.g., a person is not depressed because of a childhood event or chemical imbalance, but because a person has chosen to “depress themself”

Question 84

What is the primary goal of reality therapy?

Answer 84

Help clients identify responsible and effective was to satisfy their needs and thereby develop a success identity

Emphasize the thoughts and behaviors that can be controlled by the client

Question 85

Personal construct therapy is a form of __________ therapy and was developed by ______

Answer 85

Constructivist therapy

George Kelly

Question 86

Kelly’s Personal Construct therapy:

Focuses on:

Assumes that:

Answer 86

Focuses on how a client experiences the world

Assumes that people choose the ways they experience/deal with the world, and that there are always alternative ways of doing so

Question 87

Kelly’s (Personal Construct Therapy) Personality theory

A person’s psychological processes are determined by….

Answer 87

The way the person “construes” - perceives, interprets, and predicts - events

Construing involves the use of “personal constructs”

Question 88

Kelly’s (Personal Construct Theory) Personality Theory:

Personal Construct

Answer 88

Bipolar dimensions of meaning (happy/sad, competent/incompetent, friendly/unfriendly)
Begin to develop in infancy
Are unique to each person
May operate on a conscious or unconscious level
Are constantly under revision throughout life

Question 89

How did George Kelly (Personal Construct therapy) conceptualize maladaptive behavior/mental illness?

Answer 89

Anxiety, hostility, and other forms of maladaptive behavior are the result of inadequate personal constructs

Ex. Anxiety = a recognition that a person does not have adequate constructs to deal with a situation

hostility = continuing to use constructs despite contradictory evidence, and trying to force others/the world to comply with your constructs

Question 90

Practitioners of Personal Construct Therapy consider therapists and clients to be ________ and _________

Answer 90

Mutual experts and co-experimenters

They work together to create tasks that help the client identify and revise/replace maladaptive personal constructs

Question 91

How is assessment used in personal construct therapy?

Techniques used:

Answer 91

Assessment is used to identify maladaptive personal constructs - identify the content and process of a persons construing

Involves techniques such as:

• Repertory grid: identify close individuals in a client’s life and have them describe how they are similar/different
• self-characterization sketch: have client describe self from the perspective of another person

Question 92

One treatment technique used in Personal construct therapy is _____________ therapy

Answer 92

Fixed Role therapy

Helps clients “try on” and adopt alternative personal constructs

Involves having the client experiment with different constructs by assigning them to live life as if they are someone psychologically different from themselves

Question 93

Brief therapies differ in terms of theoretical orientation, goals, and processes but share these characteristics:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 93

1. Time limited (6-30 sessions)
2. Focus on current concerns (rather than the past)
3. Therapist takes on an active role/actively encourages the client to participate in the change process

Question 94

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) was developed by

Answer 94

Klerman and Weissman

Question 95

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) was originally developed as a brief treatment for ________

Answer 95

Depression

Has been successfully applied to bipolar disorder, bulimia, and substance use disorders

Question 96

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) was influenced by the following theories:
Meyer’s __________
Sullivan’s _________
Bowlby’s ________

Answer 96

Psychobiological approach to psychiatric disorders
Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory
Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

Question 97

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) conceptualizes maladaptive behavior/mental illness as:

Answer 97

Related to problems in social roles and interpersonal relationships that are traceable to a lack of strong early attachments

Question 98

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) - treatment goals

The focus is on:

The primary goals are (2):

Answer 98

The focus is on Current social relationships

The primary goal of treatment is reduction of symptoms and improvements in interpersonal functioning

Question 99

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) approaches improving interpersonal functioning through targeting one or more of these four
Primary Problem Areas
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 99

1. Unresolved grief
2. Interpersonal Role Disputes
3. Role Transitions
4. Interpersonal Deficits

Question 100

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) involves three stages. The initial phase involves an assessment which focuses on ascertaining:

Answer 100

1. the client’s diagnosis
2. The interpersonal context in which symptoms occur
3. The problem area which will be the focus of treatment

Question 101

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) involves three phases. During the middle phase…

The therapist uses specific strategies to:

Strategies include:

Answer 101

The therapist uses specific strategies to address the problem area

Strategies include

• encouragement of affect
• communication analysis
• modeling and role-playing to establish new ways of interacting

Question 102

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) involves three phases. During the last phase, the therapist:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 102

1. reviews the client’s progress
2. discusses termination.
   3 makes plans for relapse prevention

Question 103

Solution-Focused Therapy (de Shazar) is based on the assumption that:

Answer 103

You get more of what you talk about

Discussion in treatment focuses on solutions to problems, not the problem itself

Question 104

Solution-focused therapists believe that the etiology of maladaptive behavior is _________

Answer 104

Irrelevant

They focus instead on solutions to the problems

Question 105

In Solution-Focused Therapy, the client is viewed as _________ and the therapist takes on a role of _____________

Answer 105

The client is viewed as “the expert” and the therapist takes on the role of “consultant/collaborator”

Question 106

In Solution-Focused Therapy, the therapist poses different types of questions to help the client recognize their strengths and identify solutions to specific problems

Types of questions used in Solution-Focused Therapy:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 106

1. The Miracle Question (e.g., if you woke up tomorrow and a miracle had happened and solved your problem, how would you know? What would be different?)
2. Exception Questions (can you think of a time in the last week when X was not a problem?)
3. Scaling Questions (on a scale of 1-10, how did you feel last week?)

Question 107

Transtheoretical model of behavior change (Prochaska et al)

Answer 107

Recognizes that change occurs when an individual progresses through a series of predictable stages

Was developed through analysis of 18 different therapeutic approaches which led to the identification of common and empirically supported change processes

Question 108

The transtheoretical model intervention was originally developed to address _________

Answer 108

Cigarette smoking and other addictive behaviors

Has since been applied to many other areas including treatment compliance, weight control, intimate partner violence, financial management

Question 109

The six stages of change in the current transtheoretical model include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Answer 109

1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
6. Termination

Question 110

Transtheoretical Model- Stages of Change

1. Precontemplation Stage

Answer 110

• little insight into the need for change
• does not intend to change
• may be in denial about the problem
• may be uninformed about the problem and it’s consequences
• may have been unsuccessful in past attempts to change

Question 111

Transtheoretical model - Stages of Change

Stage 2: Contemplation Stage

Answer 111

• aware of the need to change
• intends to take action in the future (next 6 months)
• is not committed to change
• is aware of both the pros and cons of change
• is ambivalent about change

Question 112

Transtheoretical Model - Stages of Change

Stage 3 - Preparation Stage

Answer 112

• plans to take action in the immediate future (in the next month)
• has a realistic plan of action for modifying their behavior

Question 113

Transtheoretical Model - Stages of Change

Stage 4 - Action Stage

Answer 113

• takes concrete action to change behavior

- often begins with making a public commitment to change

Question 114

Transtheoretical Model - Stages of Change

Stage 5- Maintenance Stage

Answer 114

• has maintained a change in behavior for at least 6 months

- is taking steps to prevent relapse

Question 115

Transtheoretical Model - Stages of Change

Stage 6 - Termination Stage

Answer 115

Person feels that they can resist temptation and there is no risk of relapse

Question 116

An assumption of the transtheoretical model of change is that progression through the stages is ________________ and people may _______________

Answer 116

Progression is not always linear

People may re-cycle through some or all of the stages several times

Question 117

The transtheoretical model assumes that interventions are most effective when _______

Answer 117

They match an individual’s current stage of change

Question 118

The Transtheoretical model identifies three mediating variables that impact motivation at different stages of change. They are:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 118

1. Decisional Balance
2. Self-Efficacy
3. Temptation

Question 119

Transtheoretical Model:
Decisional Balance

Refers to:

Has greatest impact on motivation during the _________ stage

Answer 119

Refers to the strength of the perceived pros and cons of the problem behavior

Plays a role during all stages, but has the greatest impact on motivation at the contemplation stage

Question 120

Transtheoretical Model:
Self-Efficacy

Refers to:
Has the most influence on the client’s ability to move from _____to____ and ______to______

Answer 120

The client’s confidence that they will be be able to cope with high-risk situations without relapsing

Impacts ability to move from contemplation to preparation and from preparation to action stages

Question 121

Transtheoretical Model:
Temptation

Refers to:
Is inversely related to __________

Is usually _______ during initial stages and ________ during later stages

Answer 121

Refers to the intensity of urges to engage in the problem behavior

Is inversely related to self-efficacy

Is usually high during the initial stages and lower during later stages

Question 122

Motivational interviewing was developed by ________________ for clients who ___________

Answer 122

Miller and Rollnick

For clients who are ambivalent about changing their behavior

Was originally designed for alcohol addition but has been applied to many other populations/problem behaviors

Question 123

The basic assumptions and procedures of Motivational Interviewing were developed from _____________ and ____________

Answer 123

Roger’s client-centered therapy

Bandura’s notion of self-efficacy

Question 124

What is the primary goal of motivational interviewing?

Enhance the client’s ____________ by helping the client examine/resolve ___________

Answer 124

Enhance the client’s intrinsic motivation motivation to change their behavior

Examine/resolve their ambivalence about changing

Question 125

What are the four general principles that guide the strategies used in therapy in Motivational Interviewing?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 125

1. Express empathy
2. Develop discrepancies between current behavior and personal goals/values
3. Roll with resistance (don’t oppose)
4. Support self efficacy

Question 126

What are the specific strategies (micro skills) used in Motivational Interviewing?
OARS
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 126

1. Open-ended questions that cannot be answered with or yes/no
2. Affirmations that express empathy and understanding
3. Reflective listening that builds rapport and includes restatements, paraphrasing, and reflection of feeling
4. Summaries - a type of reflective listening that can be used to facilitate transitions

Question 127

Family Therapy approaches differ based on theoretical orientation, concepts, and strategies, but all were influenced to some degree by ___________ and _________

Answer 127

General Systems Theory

Cyberkinetics

Question 128

General Systems theory was first described by ______________ , a biologist

Answer 128

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Question 129

General systems theory defines a system as an entity that is maintained by the ___________ of it’s components

The actions of components are best understood by ___________

Answer 129

Systems are maintained by the mutual interactions of its components

The actions of each component are best understood by examining them within their context

Question 130

Consistent with general systems theory, the family is seen as an ________ system

Answer 130

Families are seen as an open system

They receive input from and discharge output to the environment
They are adaptable/able to be changed

Question 131

Homeostasis is a concept in family therapy that is influenced by ___________ theory.

Homeostasis is:

Answer 131

General systems theory

Homeostasis is the tendency for the family to act in ways that maintain the family’s equilibrium or status quo

Question 132

_____________ is a mathematical principle developed in the 1940s that was later applied to family communication processes

Answer 132

Cybernetics

Question 133

A key feature of cybernetics that has been applied to family therapy is the concept of a _______________ through which a system receives communication

Answer 133

Feedback Loop

Question 134

Cyberkinetics: negative feedback loop

Answer 134

Reduces deviation and helps maintain status quo

Question 135

Cybernetics: Positive feedback loop

Answer 135

Amplifies deviation or change and therefore helps disrupt/change a system

Question 136

Family therapy uses a __________ feedback loop to promote change in a dysfunctional family system

Answer 136

Positive

Question 137

Family therapy and most forms of individual therapy have different underlying world views

Traditional individual therapy emphasizes _____________ cause-effect relationships, while family therapy emphasizes __________ cause-effect relationships

Answer 137

Individual therapy emphasizes linear cause/effect relationships

• A causes B, but B does not effect A
• this is a western, Lockean, and scientific view

Family therapy emphasizes reciprocal cause/effect relationships

• A and B influence each other
• this is a Kantian view

Question 138

_______________ was a child psychiatrist who became known as the “grandfather of family therapy”

He integrated principles of psychoanalysis with a systems approach and saw family members together in therapy.

Answer 138

Nathan Ackerman

Question 139

________________ had a background in anthropology and ethnology, applied ideas drawn from systems theory and cybernetics to the treatment of families.

He is most known for his work on the role of “double-bind communication” in the development of schizophrenia

Answer 139

Gregory Bateson

Question 140

Double-bind communication

Plays a role in the development of _____________

Involves _______________

Answer 140

Described by Bateson, this plays a role in the development of schizophrenia

Involves “conflicting negative injunctions” (do this and you will be punished, don’t do this and you will be punished) which are stated verbally and non-verbally

Question 141

___________________ Family Therapy grew out of research conducted at the Mental Research Institute (MRI) in Palo Alto in 1960s, which led to the recognition of the impact of communication on family and individual functioning

Answer 141

Communication/Interaction Family Therapy

Question 142

The communication/interaction approach is based on the assumption that all behavior is __________

Answer 142

All behavior is communication

People are always communicating, even when they are “doing nothing”

Question 143

Communication/interaction family therapy is based on the assumption that:

All communication has both:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ function (the content/information of the communication)

and ________function (nonverbally conveyed content that makes a statement about the relationship between the communicators)

Answer 143

A. Report function

B. Command function

Problems arise when the report function and command function are contradictory

Question 144

Communication/Interaction therapy assumes that communication patterns within a family are either _________ or ___________

Answer 144

Symmetrical or complementary

Question 145

Symmetrical communication patterns

Answer 145

• reflect equality between the communicators

- can escalate into a competitive “one-upping” game (communicators try to outdo each other)

Question 146

Complementary Communication patterns

Answer 146

• reflect inequality
• maximize the difference between communicators

Example: a common complementary pattern is for one party to assume a dominant role and the other to assume a submissive role

Question 147

Communication/Interaction family therapists accept a ________ model of causality of symptoms/maladaptive behavior

Understand symptom as ___________

Answer 147

Circular

Understand symptoms as both a cause and effect of dysfunctional communication patterns

Question 148

The primary goal of Communication/Interaction therapy is:

Answer 148

To alter the interactional patterns that are maintaining symptoms

Question 149

Murray Bowen created :

Answer 149

Extended Family Systems Therapy

Question 150

Bowen is to __________ therapy as Minuchin is to __________ therapy

Answer 150

Bowen - Extended Family Systems Therapy/Systemic therapy

Minuchin - Structural Family Therapy

Question 151

Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen) described the functioning of the extended family in terms of several overlapping concepts, including:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 151

1. Differentiation of Self
2. Emotional Triangle
3. Family Projection Process

Question 152

Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen):
Differentiation of the Self

Refers to:

The lower a person’s level of differentiation, the more likely they are to become “____” with the emotions that dominate the family system

Answer 152

Refers to a person’s ability to separate their intellectual and emotional functioning
lower differentiation leads people to be “at the mercy of their emotions”

They are more likely to become “fused” with the emotions that dominate the family system

Question 153

Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen):

undifferentiated family ego mass

Answer 153

refers to a family whose members are highly emotionally fused

Question 154

Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen):

Emotional Triangle

Answer 154

When a two person system (parent-child, spouse-spouse) experiences instability or stress, a third person is recruited to reduce tension/increase stability

Question 155

Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen):

The _____ the level of differentiation in the family members, the ______ the likelihood that an emotional triangle will form

Answer 155

Lower differentiation

Higher likelihood of an emotional triangle

Question 156

Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen):

Family Projection Process

Answer 156

The process by which family conflicts and emotional immaturity are transmitted to children

Causes children to have a lower level of differentiation than parents

Most likely to involve the oldest child, a child born during a time of stress, or a child perceived to be “special”

Question 157

Bowen (Extended Family Systems Therapy) understood symptoms/maladaptive behavior to be the result of:

Answer 157

A multigenerational transmission process, by which each generation has lower levels of differentiation than the last

Question 158

The primary goal of Extended Family Systems Therapy is:

Answer 158

To increase the differentiation of all of the family members

Question 159

Bowenian therapy often includes _______ family members, allowing the therapist to form a __________

Answer 159

Two ; therapeutic triangle

If the therapist remains objective, their presence helps reduce fusion between family members and increase the differentiation of all members

Question 160

Extended Family Systems Therapy:

Genoa ram

Answer 160

Part of the initial assessment

Depicts the relationships between family members, dates of significant life events, and other important information

Question 161

Structural Family Therapy was developed by:

Answer 161

Salvador Minuchin

Question 162

Minuchin (Structural Family Therapy) assumed that all families have an implicit structure that determines how family members relate to one another.

Structure is composed of:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 162

1. Power hierarchies
2. Subsystems
3. Boundaries

Question 163

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin):

Power Hierarchies

Answer 163

Determine how family members join forces in times of conflict

Question 164

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin):

Subsystems

Answer 164

Smaller systems within a family structure (parent-child, spouse-spouse)

Question 165

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin):

Boundaries

Answer 165

The barriers or rules that determine the amount of contact allowed between family members

Question 166

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)

When boundaries are ________ , family members are disengaged (isolated) from one another

When boundaries are __________, family members are enmeshed (overly dependent and close)

Answer 166

Overly rigid

Too diffuse/permeable

Question 167

Minuchin (Structural Family Therapy):
Rigid Triads

Definition:

Three types:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 167

Chronic boundary problems

1. Detouring
2. Stable Coalition
3. Triangulation

Question 168

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin): Rigid Triads

Detouring

Answer 168

When the parents over-focus on a child either by overprotecting or blaming (“scapegoating”) the child for the family’s problems

Question 169

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin): Rigid Triads

Stable Coalition

Answer 169

When a parent and child form a cross-generational coalition and constantly “gang up” on the other parent

Question 170

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin): Rigid Triad

Triangulation

Answer 170

Also known as “unstable coalition”

When each parent asks a child to side with them against the other parent, pulling the child in different directions

Question 171

Minuchin (Structural Family Therapy) viewed family dysfunction as caused by:

Answer 171

Inflexible family structure which prevents the family from adapting to maturational and situational stressors in an adaptive way

Question 172

Minuchin (structural family therapy) found that _________________families (ones where a child has a life-threatening medical illness) often have _________________ which limits individual autonomy

In these families, a child’s symptoms diffuse family conflict by diverting attention away from the family dysfunction

Answer 172

Psychosomatic

A high degree of enmeshment

Question 173

What is the primary long term goal of Structural Family Therapy?

Answer 173

Restructuring the family

Short term goals can also include symptom reductio using other therapeutic techniques (behavioral techniques)

Question 174

Structural Family Therapy is based on the premise that _________ precedes __________

Answer 174

Action precedes understanding

Focuses on changing behavior rather than fostering insight

Question 175

Structural Family Therapy involves three overlapping steps
1.
2.
3.

Answer 175

1. Joining
2. Evaluating the Family Structure
3. Restructuring the Family

Question 176

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin): Phases of therapy

Joining

Answer 176

The therapist develops a ‘therapeutic system” by blending with the family

Uses “tracking” (identifying and using family values, life themes, and life events in conversation) as well as “mimesis” (adopting and using the family’s affective style

Question 177

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin): Phases of therapy

Evaluating the Family Structure

Answer 177

Evaluate the family’s structure including transactional patterns, power hierarchies, and boundaries

Make a “structural diagnosis” to guide specific treatment goals

Construct a “family (structural) map” that helps clarify interactional patterns

Question 178

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin): Phases of therapy
Restructuring the family

Techniques include:

1. __________ - family members role play relationship patterns so they can be changed
2. __________ - relabeling behaviors so they can be viewed more positively

Answer 178

Therapist uses a variety of techniques to deliberately unbalance (stress) the family’s homeostasis

Techniques include:

1. Enactment
2. Reframing

Question 179

_____________ developed Strategic Family Therapy, and was influenced by the communication/interaction and structural schools of family therapy

Answer 179

Jay Haley

Question 180

Strategic Family Therapy (Jay Haley) emphasized the role of ___________ in maladaptive behavior

Answer 180

Emphasized the role of communication in maladaptive behavior

Particularly how behavior is used to exert control in a relationship

Question 181

In Strategic Family Therapy (Haley), a symptom is….

Answer 181

An interpersonal phenomenon that represents a “strategy, adaptive to a current social situation, for controlling a relationship when alternatives have failed”

Question 182

The goal of Strategic Family Therapy (Haley) is to alleviate current symptoms by …..

Answer 182

Altering a family’s transactions and organization

Particular focus on hierarchies and generational boundaries

Question 183

In Strategic Family Therapy (Haley) the first session is very important to treatment. It is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and involves four phases:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 183

Highly structured

1. Social Stage
2. Problem Stage
3. Interaction Stage
4. Goal-setting stage

Question 184

Strategic Family Therapy (Haley) Stages of therapy- first session

Social Stage

Answer 184

Therapist observes the family’s interactions and encourages the involvement of all family members

Question 185

Strategic Family Therapy (Haley) - Stages of Therapy - first session

Problem Stage

Answer 185

The therapist gathers information about why the family came to therapy

Question 186

Strategic Family Therapy (Haley): Stages of Therapy - first session

Interaction Stage

Answer 186

The family talks about the identified problem while the therapist observes/gathers more information

Question 187

Strategic Family Therapy (Haley) - First Session stages

Goal Setting Stage

Answer 187

Therapist and family members agree on a contract that identifies the goals of treatment

Question 188

Strategic Family Therapists take an __________ role in treatment

Answer 188

Active, take charge role

They often offer specific directives during treatment or assignments to complete outside of therapy

Question 189

Strategic Family Therapy (Haley):

Paradoxical Intervention

Answer 189

Alters the behavior of a family member by helping them

• see a symptom in an alternative way
• recognize they have control over their behavior
• use resistance constructively (e.g., refusing to complete a paradoxical intervention = stopping the problem behavior)

Question 190

Strategic Family Therapy

Ordeal (type of paradoxical intervention)

Answer 190

Unpleasant tasks a client must perform every time a symptom occurs

Question 191

Milan Systemic Family Therapy was developed by _____________ who trained as a child psychoanalyst, but altered her treatment approach to involve families when she found this was a more effective treatment for Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 191

Mara Selvini-Palozzi

Question 192

Milan Systemic Family therapy is based on the premise that:

Answer 192

There are circular patterns of action and reaction in a family system

Maladaptive behavior occurs when these patterns become so fixed that family members are no longer able to act creatively or make new choices about their lives

Question 193

The primary goal of Milan Systemic Family Therapy is to help families ______________ and assist them in ________________

Answer 193

See their choices

Assist them in exercising their prerogative in choosing

Question 194

A distinguishing characteristic of the Systemic Family Therapy treatment approach is the use of the ________________

Answer 194

Therapeutic Team

One or two team members will join sessions with a family, while other members observe. One or both therapists may be called out of session by the observers for a “strategic conference”

Question 195

Milan Systemic Family Therapy involves these four treatment techniques:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 195

1. Hypothesizing
2. Neutrality
3. Paradox
4. Circular Questions

Question 196

Milan Systemic Family Therapy - Therapeutic techniques

Hypothesizing

Answer 196

Therapists collect information from families during the initial sessions to create “hypotheses” about family functioning. These hypotheses are tested and revised throughout treatment

Question 197

Milan Systemic Family Therapy- Treatment Techniques

Neutrality

Answer 197

The therapist remains neutral and an ally to all family members throughout treatment

Does not get recruited into family alliances or coalitions

Question 198

Milan Systemic Family Therapy - Therapeutic techniques

Paradox

Answer 198

Therapists use paradoxical interventions to help provide family members with information that will drive them to the solutions to the own problems

Examples:
Counterparadox (therapeutic double bind)
Positive connotation (reframing)

Question 199

Strategic family therapists use paradoxical interventions to ________________ , while systemic family therapists use paradoxical interventions to _________________

Answer 199

Elicit and make constructive use of resistance

Help families gain information to solve their own problems

Question 200

Milan Systemic Family Therapy - Therapeutic Interventions

Circular Questions

Answer 200

Questions are asked to each family member (eg. Go in a circle and ask each person the question) in order to demonstrate differences and similarities in perspectives

Question 201

Behavioral Family Therapy is a broad category which includes:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 201

1. Behavioral Marital Therapy
2. Behavioral Parent Training
3. Conjoint Sex Therapy

Question 202

Behavioral family therapies are based on the principles of operant conditioning, social learning theory, and social exchange theory. They share the following characteristics:
1. 
2. 
3. 
4.

Answer 202

1. A focus on observable behavior
2. Ongoing assessment of behavior to identify targets of therapy and evaluate it’s effects
3. Emphasis on increasing or decreasing target behaviors through use of contingent reinforcement
4. Focus on improving communication and problem solving skills

Question 203

Behavioral family therapists view maladaptive behavior as:

Answer 203

Learned and maintained by it’s antecedents and consequences (like all other behavior)

Question 204

The major goal of behavioral family therapy is to alter ____________

Answer 204

The environmental factors (antecedents and consequences) that are maintaining problematic behavior

Question 205

Object Relations Family Therapists view maladaptive behavior as the result of __________ and _________ factors

Answer 205

Intrapsychic

Interpersonal

For example, family dysfunction is traced to the extended family, and is seen as the result of unresolved conflict in the family of origin that replicates in current relationships

Question 206

Object Relations Family Therapy

Projective Identification

Answer 206

Seen as a primary source of family dysfunction

Occurs when a family member projects old introjects onto other family members, then acts as if that family member actually has those characteristics

May also provoke that family member into behaving consistently with the old introjects

Question 207

The primary goal of Object Relations Family Therapy is ….

Answer 207

To resolve each family member’s attachment to family introjects

Question 208

In Object Relations Family Therapy, _________ is considered essential for change

Answer 208

Insight

Insight is built by examining and interpreting transference, resistance, and other factors

Question 209

Object Relations Family Therapy

Multiple Transferences

Answer 209

Object relations family therapists recognize and interpret multiple forms of transference

Transference from one family member to another
Transference from each member to the therapist
Transference from the whole family to the therapist

Question 210

_______________ described the three formative stages of group therapy in his book “The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy”

Answer 210

Irving Yalom

Question 211

Yalom’s three formative stages of group therapy were:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 211

1. Orientation, Hesitation, Search for Meaning
2. Conflict, Dominance, and Rebellion
3. Development of Cohesiveness

Question 212

Yalom’s First Formative Stage of Group Therapy:
Orientation, Hesitant Participation, Search for Meaning

Characterized by attempts to determine ____________
Communication style is ___________
Content focuses on _____________
Members tend to talk ______________

Answer 212

Characterized by attempts to determine the group’s structure and meaning

Communication style is stereotyped, restricted, and rational

Content focuses on a search for similarities between group members and advice giving/seeking

Members tend to talk directly to the group leader

Question 213

Yalom’s Second Formative Stage of Group Therapy:
Conflict, Dominance, Rebellion

Group members attempt to _________
A ________ emerges
Advice giving is replaced by __________

Answer 213

Group members attempt to establish their own amount of initiative and power
A hierarchy/social pecking order emerges
Advice giving is replaced by criticism, judgement, and negative comments

Question 214

Yalom’s Third Formative Stage of Group Therapy:
Development of Cohesiveness

As a result of the development of cohesiveness, ________________ become chief concerns
Trust and self-disclosure ________
Attendance _______

Answer 214

Intimacy, unity and closeness become chief concerns
Trust and self-disclosure increase
Attendance improves, and group members are concerned when another is absent

Question 215

Yalom considered _____________ to be a crucial aspect of group therapy (analogous to the therapist-client relationship in individual therapy)

Answer 215

Cohesiveness

The client’s relationship to the group leader, the other group members, and the group as a whole

Question 216

Research shows that which “curative factors” do individuals rate as most important/helpful in group therapy?
1.
2.
3.

Answer 216

1. Interpersonal input
2. Catharsis
3. Self-understanding
4. Cohesiveness

Question 217

According to Yalom, the three primary goals of the therapist in group therapy are:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 217

1. Creation and maintenance of the group - initially organizes the group and minimizes threats to cohesiveness (tardiness, no shows, inappropriate behavior)
2. Culture building - creates a group culture that maximizes cohesiveness/effectiveness and establish appropriate behavioral norms
3. Activation and illumination of the here and now - helps members understand what is happening in the present (processes of the current group)

Question 218

Yalom thought that concurrent individual and group therapy is:

Answer 218

Not necessary or beneficial except in extreme circumstances (client in crisis)

Question 219

____ to ____ % of group members drop out of group therapy in the first 12-20 sessions (premature termination)

Answer 219

10 to 35% drop out

Question 220

An individual is a good candidate for group therapy when:

Primary problems are _________

When the individual is…

Answer 220

Primary problems are focused on interpersonal issues

When the individual is motivated to change, has a positive view of therapy, finds peer support and feedback helpful, and is verbally and psychologically sophisticated

Question 221

Contra-indications for group therapy include

Characteristics such as:

Symptoms/diagnoses

Answer 221

Characteristics such as difficulty following appropriate behavioral norms/inability to tolerate the group setting

Some symptoms/diagnoses such as severe mental illness (depression, withdrawal, psychosis), brain damage, sociopathy

Question 222

An essential characteristic of feminist therapy is the emphasis on:

Answer 222

Power differences between men and women

How those power differences impact both men and women’s behavior

Question 223

According to feminist therapists, intrapsychic events always occur, and must be interpreted, within __________

Answer 223

An oppressive social context

Question 224

According to feminist therapists, maladaptive behavior/symptoms are conceptualized as:

1. Related to _________
2. “Survival tactics” ______
3. Arbitrary labels that society has ascribed to certain behaviors in order to ______

Answer 224

1. Related to the nature of traditional feminine roles/conflicts inherent to those roles
2. “Survival tactics” - a means of exercising personal power in response to those roles/role conflicts
3. Arbitrary labels that society as ascribed to certain behaviors in order to impose sanctions/exert social control

Question 225

A primary goal of feminist therapy is :

Answer 225

Empowerment

Helping women become more self-defining and self-determining

Question 226

Techniques that distinguish feminist therapy from other types of therapy include:

1. Striving for _______
2. Avoiding ______
3. Avoiding ______
4. Involvement in _______

Answer 226

1. Striving for an egalitarian relationship - minimize power differential
2. Avoiding labels - to avoid pathologizing a client’s problems
3. Avoiding re-victimization - avoid blaming women for their current problems, focus on influence of others/society and focus on women’s strengths
4. Involvement in social action - in order to be effective therapists must be social and political activists

Question 227

In order to help create an egalitarian therapeutic relationship, feminist therapists use the following strategies:

Answer 227

• make appropriate self disclosures
• demystify the therapy process
• encourage clients to set their own goals and evaluate their own progress

Question 228

Feminist therapy and non-sexist therapy are similar in that they both:
1.
2.

Answer 228

Recognize the impact of sexism

Avoid the use of gender based techniques

Question 229

Key difference between feminist and non-sexist therapy:

Feminist therapy focuses on the _________ factors impacting psychological functioning

Non-sexist therapy focuses on the ________ factors

Answer 229

Feminist therapy focuses on sociopolitical factors that influence behavior; emphasize the need for social change

Non-sexist therapy focuses on individual factors; emphasizes modifying personal behavior

Question 230

Some feminist theorists have incorporated _______________ theory

This provides a way to understand how social and environmental factors, as opposed to biological factors, determine gender differences

Answer 230

Object relations theory

Question 231

Self-in-relation theory proposes that many gender differences can be attributed to the _______ and _____ relationships

Answer 231

Mother-son
Mother-daughter

Males are taught to separate from their mother (and define self in separation from mother) and females are taught to remain attached (and define self in sameness)

This influences self esteem, values, achievement orientation, beliefs about gender roles

Question 232

Hypnosis has found to be effective in treating:

Answer 232

Acute stress disorder
Anxiety disorders
Obesity
Insomnia
Chronic pain

Question 233

Orne and Dinges (1989) suggest that hypnosis involves experiencing alterations of memory, perception, and mood in response to suggestion

They describe the essential feature is ___________

Answer 233

Subjective experiential change

Question 234

When using hypnosis to recover “repressed memories”:

Hypnosis produces _____(more/same/fewer)_____ false memories than actual memories

Answer 234

Hypnosis produces MORE false memories (pseudo-memories) than actual memories

Question 235

When using hypnosis to recover repressed memories:

Hypnosis may lead to __________ confidence in the accuracy of a memory, and this is particularly true for ___________ memories

Answer 235

Hypnosis leads to increased confidence in the accuracy of memories

This is particularly true for inaccurate or false memories

Question 236

Memories recovered under hypnosis often reflect/contain elements of _______

This can lead to _______ of symtpoms

Answer 236

Issues and experiences related to treatment

This can lead to improvement of symptoms

Question 237

Related to acupuncture, what is “Qi”?

Answer 237

The vital energy of life

Question 238

Practitioners of acupuncture believe illness is due to _______

Acupuncture works to _________

Answer 238

A blockage of Qi (vital life energy)

Acupuncture unblocks the flow of Qi along the meridians (pathways) through which it circulates in the body

Question 239

Research on the neurobiological mechanisms of acupuncture suggests benefits may be related to:

Answer 239

Release of endorphins and other pain-suppressing mechanisms

Changes in blood flow around the needle or in key (pain modulating) brain regions

Question 240

Reflexology:

Assumes that there are pressure areas in the ____________ that correspond to all other glands/organs

Applying pressure to these regions_______

Answer 240

Hands and feet

Applying pressure to these regions re-establishes the body’s balance and promotes the healing process

Question 241

Reflexology has been used as a treatment for stress, anxiety, and types of pain. Research findings show it is ______________ effective.

Answer 241

It is not consistently effective

Question 242

The beneficial effects of Reflexology may be due to:

Restoring _________

Increasing circulation of ___________

Producing a state of __________

Answer 242

Restoring energy flow throughout the body

Increasing circulation of the blood and lymphatic systems

Producing a state of relaxation

Question 243

According to Yalom, how could you reduce “premature termination” in group therapy?
1.
2.

Answer 243

1. Pretreatment screening

2. Post-selection preparation focusing on clarifying any misconceptions and unrealistic expectations

Question 244

The principles of community psychology were derived from the field of _________

Answer 244

Public health

Question 245

Community psychology emphasizes __________ over __________

Answer 245

Emphasizes prevention over treatment

Question 246

Primary Prevention

Answer 246

Aims to reduce the PREVALENCE of mental disorders by decreasing the incidence of new cases

Accomplished by making a program/strategy promoting health available to all members of an identified at-risk group

Examples: immunization programs, prenatal nutrition programs for low SES mothers

Question 247

Secondary Prevention

Answer 247

Aim to reduce the prevalence of disorders by REDUCING DURATION and impact through early screening and intervention

Example: screening first graders for reading disabilities so they can be provided with intervention

Question 248

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 248

Focus on reducing the DURATION and CONSEQUENCES of mental/physical disorders

Example: rehabilitation programs

Question 249

Community psychology focuses on the use of __________ and ____________

Answer 249

Education

Preventative health care

Question 250

In community psychology, the major goals of education are:

1) reduce ___________
2) improve ____________

Answer 250

Reduce the incidence of health problems by increasing preventative activities

Improve the care of the ill by educating people about the nature of problems and their treatments

Question 251

The Health Belief Model (Becker, 1974) proposes that health behaviors are influenced by:
A person’s:
1)

2)

3)

Answer 251

1) a person’s readiness to take a particular action
2) the persons evaluation of the costs and benefits of a particular action
3) internal and external “cues to action” (e.g., advice from family/friends, media)

Question 252

The Health Locus of Control Model (Lau and Ware, 1982)

Health related behavior’s are related to a person’s locus of control

People may believe ______________,

or alternatively, they may believe _________

Answer 252

People may believe they have the ability to control their health (internal locus of control)

Or they may believe that health is determined by luck or other uncontrollable factors (external locus of control)

Question 253

Consultation is defined as:

Answer 253

A process in which a human services professional assists a consultee with a work related problem within a client-system, with the goal of helping both the consultee and the client system

Question 254

Organizational consultation is unique in that it:

Adopts a _____ approach

Defines the ___________ as the consultee

Answer 254

Adopts a systems approach

Defines the entire organization as the consultee

Question 255

Four stages of consultation:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 255

1. Entry - identify consultee needs - often met with resistance
2. Diagnosis - gather info, define problem, set goals
3. Implementation - choosing and implementing an intervention/plan
4. Disengagement - evaluation of success of intervention/plan, termination, planning follow up

Question 256

Mental Health Consultation is derived from the medical/psychiatric model and is largely attributed to the work of:

Answer 256

Gerald Caplan (1970)

Question 257

Parallel Process

Answer 257

An issue in supervision

Issues in the therapist -client relationship are replicated in the supervisor-supervisee relationship

Ex. If a client is anxious and frustrated with therapist, the therapist may come to supervision anxious and frustrated

Question 258

Eysenck

Answer 258

Known for publishing the first research on therapy outcomes

Question 259

What did Eysenck’s 1952 study results suggest about the effectiveness of therapy

Answer 259

He reviewed the results of 24 research studies (1920-1950)

Found little to no differences in outcomes between people with and without therapy

This was largely due to improvements in symptoms in no therapy control groups

Was criticized for methodology and failure to recognize other factors that might be lead to improvement in controls (other than spontaneous remission)

Question 260

Who was the first researcher to apply the statistical technique of meta-analysis to therapy outcome research?

Answer 260

Smith et al

Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980)- first meta-analysis paper

Question 261

The results of the meta-analysis by Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) contradicted _______ prior work

Answer 261

Eysenck

Question 262

Smith et al (1980)’s meta analysis showed that therapy had a mean effect size of ________

This effect size can be interpreted as ___________

Answer 262

.83

Interpretation: “the average therapy client is better off than 80% of those who have not received therapy”

Question 263

According to Smith et al (1980), the effect size of therapy interventions are _____________ compared to the effects of medical and educational interventions

Answer 263

Equal to or exceeding

Question 264

Howard and colleagues (1996) studied the relationship between therapy outcomes and duration of treatment, and found that treatment effects “level out” after ________ sessions, at which time ___% of patients show improvement

Answer 264

26 sessions

75%

Question 265

The finding by Howard et al (1996) that therapy outcomes are related to the duration of treatment/number of sessions is referred to as a ___________

Answer 265

Dose dependent effect

Question 266

Howard et al.,

Phase Model of therapy

Predicts that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Includes 3 phases:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 266

Predicts that the benefits of treatment vary depending on the number of sessions

Phases:

1. Remoralization - hopelessness and despair improve rapidly in the first few sessions
2. Remediation - improvement in symptoms that brought patient to therapy, takes ~16 sessions
3. Rehabilitation - unlearning longstanding problematic patterns of behavior, length varies based on type and severity of the problem

Question 267

_________ studies are clinical trials

_____________ are correlational or quasi experimental in nature

Answer 267

Efficacy

Effectiveness

Question 268

Efficacy studies establish _____________

Effectiveness studies establish _____________

Answer 268

Efficacy studies establish whether a treatment has an effect

Effectiveness studies establish whether a treatment can be applied/has clinical utility in the real world

Question 269

Research on therapy outcomes in racial/ethnic minority groups shows:

____________ are likely to show some improvements

Of Hispanic, Anglo, Asian, and African American groups, ______ showed the most improvement and _______ showed the least

Answer 269

All groups are likely to show some improvement

Hispanic showed the most improvement, African American showed the least

In the middle: Anglo, Asian

Question 270

Research on therapy across cultural groups shows that non-white individuals are more likely to _____________________ than white individuals

Answer 270

Drop out of therapy

Question 271

Sue (2003) found that ___% of non-white patients drop out of treatment after one session, as compared to ___% of white patients

Answer 271

50% of non-white patients drop out

30% of white patients

Question 272

The research on therapist-client matching on culture/identify factors has found ___________

Therapist-client matching may be most beneficial for _________

Answer 272

Inconclusive results, small but not statistically significant benefits
Matching may reduce termination for White, Asian, and Hispanic clients, but not African American (Sue et al., 1991), but only improved outcomes for Hispanic

May be most beneficial for individuals who identify strongly with their ethnic/racial identity

Question 273

According to the APA (2002), the most common MH problems affecting older adults (in order) are:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 273

1. Anxiety
2. Severe cognitive impairement
3. Depression

Question 274

Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy in older adults (APA, 2004) has found that compared to younger people, treatment response of older adults is characterized by _________

Answer 274

They benefit from a variety of interventions to a similar degree, but tend to respond more slowly

Question 275

Alloplastic intervention

Answer 275

Makes changes to the environment in order to better accommodate the individual

Question 276

Autoplastic intervention

Answer 276

Make changes to the individual to help them better function in their environment

Question 277

___________ intervention focuses on changing the environment, while ____________ focuses on changing the individual

Answer 277

Alloplastic

Autoplastic

Question 278

Guy et al. (1989) found that ____% of therapists reported experiencing work related distress in the past 3 months

Answer 278

74%

Question 279

The most commonly encountered ethical/legal dilemma is issues related to _______

Answer 279

Issues related to confidentiality

Question 280

Therapists find __________ to be the most stressful client behavior

Answer 280

Suicidal statements

Question 281

Therapists find ___________ to be the most stressful aspect of their work

Answer 281

Lack of therapeutic success

Question 282

The rates of treatment in outpatient facilities are higher for ____(males/females)_____

The rates of inpatient admissions are higher for ________(males females)_____

Answer 282

Outpatient treatment and overall mental illness prevalence rates are higher for women

Inpatient admission rates are higher for men

Question 283

Rosenstein (1986) reported the following demographics about patients admitted for inpatient psychiatric treatment:
Marital status:
Race/ethnicity

Answer 283

Marital status: highest rates of never married people
Race/ethnicity: minority groups are over-represented
Age: most admissions are ages 25-44
Diagnosis: Schizophrenia is the most common diagnosis in the 25-44 age range; organic and affective disorders are most common for older adults

Question 284

Research by Eysenck (1952) showed that ___________________________

Answer 284

Psychotherapy had no to small effects - in a summary of studies from the 20s to 50s patients who did/did not receive therapy made similar improvements

His work was methodologically criticized

Question 285

Smith, Glass and Miller were the first reasearchers to use _________________ to examine psychotherapy outcomes

Answer 285

Meta analysis

Question 286

Smith, Glass and Miller (1980) showed that _____% of people who received psychotherapy were better off than those who didn’t

They concluded that the effect sizes of psychotherapy were _____________ compared to other medical interventions

Answer 286

80% benefitted

Effect sizes were similar or better than medical interventions

Question 287

Dose - dependent effect

Answer 287

Howard and colleagues (1996)

The effects of therapy “level off” after about 26 sessions

Question 288

Phase model of therapy

Answer 288

Howard et al.,

Benefits of therapy vary based on the length of treatment- there are three different phases with different results/outcomes associated

Question 289

Howard et. Al

Phase Model of therapy

Phase 1: Remoralization

Answer 289

client’s feelings of hopelessness/despair resolve quickly at the start of therapy

Occurs over the first few sessions

Question 290

Howard et al.

Phase model of therapy

Phase 2: Remediation

Answer 290

Focus on the symptoms that brought the client to therapy

Usually address symptoms in about 16 sessions

Question 291

Howard et al.

Phase Model

Phase 3: Remoralization

Answer 291

Unlearning troublesome, maladaptive habitual behaviors and establishing new ways of life

Final stage, length of time needed varies based on client and presenting challenges

Question 292

According to Mack (1989), couples therapy to address domestic violence is indicated when violence is _____________ and is contraindicated when violence is ________

Answer 292

Couples therapy can be helpful when violence/abuse is EXPRESSIVE - with the goal of expressing emotion, is mutual/reciprocal, and followed by remorse

Couples therapy is not indicated when violence/abuse is INSTRUMENTAL- executed to achieve a specific goal/outcome (e.g., control), is not mutual/reciprocal, and not followed by remorse

Question 293

It is recommended to use an _____________ approach when working with African American families

Answer 293

Ecostructural

Ecological systemic approach

Question 294

Boyd-Franklin (1989) developed the _______________ model of therapy

It’s an example of an ______________ approach

Answer 294

Multisystems model

Example of an ecostructural approach

Developed for working with African American families

Question 295

Multisystems model

Answer 295

Boyd Franklin

Intervenes on multiple systems, at multiple levels, and empowers the family through a strengths focused approach

Systems include family, non-blood kin, church, community resources, social service agencies

Question 296

The African American worldview emphasizes ______ over_____

Answer 296

Group welfare over individual needs

Question 297

Roles within African American families:

Answer 297

Are often flexible

Relationships between men and women are egalitarian

Adults and children can hold multiple roles

Question 298

Network therapy

Answer 298

Recommend for American Indian populations

Incorporates family and community members

Situates individual problems in the context of family, community, and other social systems

Question 299

When working with Asian American clients a __________ approach is recommended

Answer 299

Directive, structured, goal oriented, problem solving approach

Question 300

The strongest bond in Hispanic-American families tends to be

Answer 300

Parent-child

Question 301

In Hispanic families, gender roles tend to be

Answer 301

Inflexible and patriarchal

Question 302

Cultural Competence involves three competencies:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 302

1. Awareness - aware of assumptions, values, beliefs, own cultural background
2. Knowledge - understand the history and experiences of different cultural groups
3. Skills - use culturally appropriate interventions

Question 303

Curanderismo

Answer 303

Holistic system of healing practiced in some Latin American cultures

Assumes illness arises from natural or supernatural forces

Healing sessions lead by a healer (curandero or curandera) and combine religious and spiritual rituals

Question 304

Ho’oponopono

Answer 304

“Setting it right”
Traditional Hawaiian spiritual healing ritual to restore harmony among family members

Senior family member/elder identifies problem and leads discussions to resolve, followed by sharing a meal

Question 305

What are the four stages of acculturation:

Into America Some Move

Answer 305

Integration
Assimilation
Separation
Marginalization

Question 306

Stages of acculturation:

Integration

Answer 306

Stage 1

Person maintains the minority culture but also incorporates many aspects of the dominant culture

Also called biculturalism

Question 307

Types of acculturation:

Assimilation

Answer 307

The person accepts the majority culture and relinquishes own culture

Question 308

Types of acculturation:

Separation

Answer 308

Person withdraws from the dominant culture and identifies with their own culture

Question 309

Types of acculturation:

Marginalization

Answer 309

The person does not identify with either the dominant culture or their own culture

Question 310

Cultural encapsulation

Happens when a therapist:
1
2
3
4
5

Answer 310

1. Defines everyone’s reality according to their own cultural beliefs
2. Disregards cultural differences
3. Ignore evidence that disconfirms their beliefs
4. Rely on techniques and strategies to solve problems
5. Disregard own cultural biases

Question 311

Emic

Answer 311

Culturally specific theories, concepts, research strategies

Attempts to understand culture by seeing it through the eyes of members of that culture

Question 312

Etic

Answer 312

Universal / culture-general phenomena

View people from different cultures as essentially the same

Question 313

High context vs low context communication

Answer 313

High context- grounded in the situation, relies on nonverbal communication, depends on group understanding, slow to change

Low context - verbal, explicit parts of the message. Less unifying, changes fast.

Question 314

Sue and sue (2003) describe two “survival mechanisms” African Americans may adopt to disguise negative feelings in response to white oppression

Answer 314

1. Playing it cool - concealing anger by acting calm/composed
2. Uncle Tom syndrome - adopting a passive or “happy go lucky” demeanor

Question 315

When understanding non-disclosure by African Americans clients in treatment, Ridley (1984) distinguished between ________ and _________ paranoia

Answer 315

Cultural paranoia - healthy reaction to racism, hesitancy to disclose to a white therapist for fear of being hurt or misunderstood

Functional paranoia - unhealthy condition, unwillingness to disclose to ANY therapist regardless of race due to general mistrust

Question 316

Ridley’s model of paranoia:

Intercultural Nonparanoic Discloser:

_____ functional paranoia, ____ cultural paranoia

Answer 316

Low functional paranoia , low cultural paranoia

Willing to self disclose to any therapist regardless of race

Question 317

Ridley’s model of paranoia:

Functional paranoic:

_____ functional paranoia, ____ cultural paranoia

Answer 317

High functional paranoia, low cultural paranoia

Clients are not willing to disclose to either Black or White therapists, and this is due primarily to pathology/general mistrust

Question 318

Ridley’s model of paranoia:

Healthy cultural paranoic:

_____ functional paranoia, ____ cultural paranoia

Answer 318

Low functional paranoia ; high cultural paranoia

Will disclose to Black therapists, but not to White therapists as a healthy response to past experiences of racism

Question 319

Ridley’s model of paranoia:

Congruent paranoic:

_____ functional paranoia, ____ cultural paranoia

Answer 319

High functional paranoia ; high cultural paranoia

Will not disclose to either Black or White therapists, due to a combination of pathology and the effects of racism

Question 320

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson, Morten, Sue 1993):
What are the 5 stages?
1
2
3
4
5

Answer 320

1. Conformity
2. Dissonance
3. Resistance and Immersion
4. Introspection
5. Integrative Awareness

Question 321

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson, Morten, Sue 1993):

Conformity stage

Answer 321

Positive attitudes towards and preference for the dominant culture

Deprecating attitudes towards one’s own culture

Question 322

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson, Morten, Sue 1993):

Dissonance stage

Answer 322

Confusion and conflict about the contradictory attitudes one has about themselves and towards others of the same and different groups

Question 323

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson, Morten, Sue 1993):

Resistance and Immersion stage

Answer 323

Actively rejects the dominant society

Have positive attitudes towards self and members of their own group

Question 324

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson, Morten, Sue 1993):

Introspection

Answer 324

Characterized by uncertainty about the rigidity of the beliefs held in the resistance/immersion stage (negative towards dominant and positive towards self)

Conflicts between loyalty to the group and personal autonomy

Question 325

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson, Morten, Sue 1993):

Integrative Awareness

Answer 325

Develop a sense of fulfillment with respect to cultural identity, strong desire to eliminate all forms of oppression

Adopt a multicultural perspective

Examine values/beliefs of own and others groups before accepting or rejecting them

Question 326

Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross, 1971, 1991, 2001):

Describes identity development as from ____ to _____

The four stages are:

Answer 326

Describes identity development as a shift from Black self-hatred to Black self-acceptance

Four stages:

1. Pre- encounter
2. Encounter
3. Immersion - Emerson
4. Internalization

Question 327

Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross, 1971, 1991, 2001):

Pre-encounter stage

Answer 327

Race and racial identity have low salience

May have adopted a mainstream identity, have negative beliefs about Blacks, and have low self-esteem

Question 328

Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross, 1971, 1991, 2001):

Encounter stage

Answer 328

Exposure to significant race-related events lead to greater racial/cultural awareness and interest in developing a Black identity

Question 329

Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross, 1971, 1991, 2001):

Immersion-Emersion stage

Answer 329

Race/racial identity have high salience

Immersion sub stage- idealization if Black culture, rage towards Whites, guilt about own previous lack of awareness

Emersion - rejects all aspects of White culture, begins to internalize Black identity

Question 330

Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross, 1971, 1991, 2001):

Internalization stage

Answer 330

Race continues to have high salience

Individuals have adopted one of three identities:

• Afrocentric (pro-black, non racist)
• biculturalist (integrates black with one other salient cultural identity)
• multiculturalist (integrates black and two or more salient cultural identities)

Question 331

White Racial Identity Model (Helms, 1990):

Two phases:

6 statuses:

Answer 331

Phase 1: abandoning racism (status 1-3)
Phase 2: development of non-racist White identity (status 3-6)

Status:

1. Contact status
2. Disintegration status
3. Reintegration status
4. Pseudo-independence status
5. Immersion-emersion status
6. Autonomy status

Question 332

White Racial Identity Model (Helms, 1990):

Contact status

Answer 332

Individual has little awareness of racism and own racial identity

Behavior reflects racist attitudes and beliefs

Question 333

White Racial Identity Model (Helms, 1990):

Disintegration status

Answer 333

Increasing awareness of race and racism leads to confusion and emotional conflict

Person May over-identify with minority cultures, be paternalistic, or retreat into white society

Question 334

White Racial Identity Model (Helms, 1990):

Reintegration status

Answer 334

Attempts to resolve moral dilemmas by idealizing white society

Blame minority groups for problems

View whites as victims of reverse discrimination

Question 335

White Racial Identity Model (Helms, 1990):

Pseudo-independence status

Answer 335

Cultural events cause person to question own racist beliefs and acknowledge the role that whites have had in perpetrating racism

Interested in understanding racial/cultural differences but does so only at an intellectual level

Question 336

White Racial Identity Model (Helms, 1990):

Immersion-Emersion status

Answer 336

Individual explores what it means to be White, confronts own biases, begins to understand the way he/she benefits from white privilege

Increased experiential and affective understanding of racism and oppression

Question 337

White Racial Identity Model (Helms, 1990):

Autonomy status

Answer 337

Individual internalizes a non-racist white identity that includes an appreciation of and respect for racial/cultural differences and similarities

Actively seeks out interactions with diverse groups

Question 338

Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model (Troiden, 1988):

What are the 4 stages?

Answer 338

1. Sensitization/feeling different
2. Self-recognition/identity confusion
3. Identity assumption
4. Commitment / identity integration

Question 339

Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model (Troiden, 1988):

Stage 1: Sensitization / Feeling Different

Answer 339

Often in middle childhood

Individual feels different from peers
Interests differ from those of same-gender classmates

Question 340

Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model (Troiden, 1988):

Self-recognition/ identity confusion

Answer 340

At onset of puberty, individual realizes they are attracted to people of the same sex which leads to turmoil and confusion

Question 341

Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model (Troiden, 1988):

Stage 2: Identity Assumption

Answer 341

Individual becomes more certain of homosexuality

May try to “pass” as heterosexual, align self with homosexual community, act in ways consistent with societal stereotypes of homosexuality

Question 342

Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model (Troiden, 1988):

Stage 4: commitment / identity integration

Answer 342

Individuals have adopted a homosexual way of life

Publicly disclose their homosexuality