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EPPP_JN_2021 > Abnormal Psychology (Diagnosis) > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology (Diagnosis) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three diagnostic criteria for Intellectual Disability?

A
  • deficits in IQ
  • deficits in adaptive functioning
  • onset early in development
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2
Q

What percent of ID cases have unknown etiology?

For those without an known cause, what is the strongest predictor of ID?

A

30% due to unknown causes

Low birth weight is the strongest predictor of all levels of severity of ID

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3
Q

Childhood onset fluency disorder

A

Stuttering

Falls in the category of Communication Disorders

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4
Q

Childhood onset fluency disorder

  • typical age of onset:
  • percent of children who recover:
  • best predictor of prognosis:
A

Onset between ages 2 and 7

65-85% recover in childhood

Severity at age 8 is a good predictor of prognosis

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5
Q

Treatment for Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder

A

Young children- reduce stress at home

Older children - habit reversal training
- teach the competing reaponse of slow regulated breathing

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6
Q

What are the earliest signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

Abnormalities in social orientin and responsivity

Evident by 12 months

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7
Q

What are the predictors of the best prognosis in autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • ability to communicate verbally by age 5-6
  • IQ over 70
  • later symptom onset
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8
Q

What are some biological/neural development differences seen in ASD?

A
  • unusually rapid head growth in the first year
  • structural brain abnormalities (particularly in amygdala and cerebellum)
  • neurotransmitter abnormalities (serotonin, dopamine)
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9
Q

According to the DSM5, what is the prevalence rate of ADHD?

A

5% in children

2.5% in adults

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10
Q

Gender and ADHD:

ADHD overall is more common in ______

______ subtype is more common in males
______ subtype is more common in females

A

More common in males (2:1)

Combined presentation is more common in males

Inattentive subtype is more common in females

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11
Q

Course of ADHD: for children with ADHD…

____% meet criteria in adolescence
____% meet full criteria in adulthood
____% meet criteria for parital remission (still show some symptoms) in adulthood

A

65-80% meet criteria in adolescence

15% meet full diagnositic criteria in adulthood

Up to 60% are in partial remission in adulthood

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12
Q

ADHD: behavioral disinhibition hypothesis

A

Barkley (1990)

Core feature of ADHD is an inability to regulate behavior to fit situational demands

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13
Q

The most frequent comorbid disorder with Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is :

A

ADHD

20-30% of children with SLD have ADHD

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14
Q

What medical factor has been linked to specific learning disorder?

A

Reccurent ear infections (otitis media)

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15
Q

Tourettes Disorder is highly related to which two other categories of disorders

A
  • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (higher rates of OCD in individuals with Tourette’s and family members)
  • ADHD/attention disorders
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16
Q

Neurobiology of Tourettes

A

Elevated levels of dopamine and super sensitivity of dopamine receptors in rhe caudate nucleus

17
Q

Pharmacological treatment for Tourettes

A

Antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol, pimozide) are effective in ~80% of cases)

SSRI - help with OC symptoms

Attention/impulsive symptoms are usually treated with clonidine as stimulants are contra-indicated

18
Q

What techniques are used to help children reduce anxiety about medical procedures?

A 
Filmed modeling
Reinforcement
Breathing exercises
Emotive imagery/distraction
Behavioral rehearsal

Techniques are based on Michenbaum’s stress innoculation model

19
Q

Delusional disorder

A

Presence of one or more delusions for at least one month

Overall fx is not markedly impaired, and any impairment is directly related to the delusion(s)

20
Q

Schizophrenia- key features

A

Presence of at least 2 of the following sx for at least one month:

  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized speech
  • grossly disorganized behavior
  • negative symptoms

One sx has to be delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech

Contiuous signs of the disorder must be present for at least 6 months

21
Q

In schizophrenia- anosognosia:

A

Poor insight into illness

Contributes to treatment noncompliance and relapse

22
Q

A commonly comorbid diagnosis with schizophrenia is:

A

Substance use disorder

Tobacco use disorder is particularly high

23
Q

Schizophrenia- prevalence rate

A

0.3-0.7%

Slightly higher for males

24
Q

What is associated with a better prognosis in schizophrenia?

A
  • good premorbid adjustment
  • acute and late onset
  • female gender
  • presence of a precipitating event
  • brief duration of active phase symptoms
  • insight into illness
  • no family history of schizophrenia
25
Q

Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia

A
  • enlarged ventricles
  • smaller hippocampus, amygdala, globus pallidus
  • lower activity in the frontal cortex (associated with negative sxs)
26
Q

Schizophrenia: concordance rates

Biological sibling:
Fraternal twin:
Identical twin:
Child of 2 parents with schizophrenia:

A

Biological sibling: 10%
Fraternal twin: 17%
Identical twin: 48%
Child of 2 parents with schizophrenia: 46%

27
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia is related to ELEVATED dopamine levels or OVERSENSITIVE dopamine receptors

28
Q

Research on prenatal risk factors and schizophrenia shows:

A

There is a link between schizophrenia and prenatal exposure to influenza

In the northern hemisphere a high proportion of individuals with schizophrenia are born in late winter/early spring- thought to be realted to high rates of infectious diseases in winter

29
Q

Traditional/first generation antipsychotic drugs

A

Haloperidol
Fluphenazine

Most useful for eliminating positive symptoms

Can have severe side effects, including tardive dyskenesia

30
Q

Atypical (second generation) antipsychotic drugs

A

Clozapine
Risperidone

Can be effective at reducing both positive and negative symptoms

Less likely to cause tardive dyskinesia

31
Q

Impact of expressed emotion (EE) in schizophrenia

A

High levels of “expressed emotion” in the family members of individuals with schizophrenia is linked to higher relapse/rehospitalization

Can involve open criticism/hostility OR overprotectiveness/emotional involvement

Family based intervention is helpful in these cases

32
Q

Schizophreniform disorder

A

Diagnostic criteria are the same as schizophrenia, but

  • disturbance is present for at least one month but less than 6 months
  • impairment may occur but is not required
33
Q

Brief psychotic disorder

A

One of four sxs:

  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized speech
  • disorganized behavior

Present for at least one day but less than one month

EPPP_JN_2021 (8 decks)

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