Clinical Psychology Flashcards
Brief Therapies
(1) Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) focuses on interpersonal factors that contribute to client’s sx.
(2) Solution-Focused Therapy: Solutions to probs instead of etiology and nature of probs.
Transtheoretical Model Therapy: Integrates concepts and strategies from multiple approaches. Based on assumption strategies most effective when match state of change.
Motivational Interviewing (MI): based on Roger’s person-centered therapy, Prochaska&DiClemente’s transtheorretical model, Bandura’s self-efficacy, Festinger’s cognitive dissonance.Assumes most effective when match stage of change.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
- interpersonal issues -> current sx.
- medical model of mental health. Goal of sx relief and improved interpersonal functioning.
- OG for acute depression (Klerman, Weissmann, 84) but also for bipolar, eating dis., etc.
- 3 stages:
(1) initial: determine dx and interpersonal context. ID primary prob. (e.g., role disputes, role transitions, deficits, grief) for tx focus. Give “sick role” so blameless/accept.
(2) middle: Lots of strategies to address prob areas. (e.g., encouragement of affect, role play, communication analysis, decision analysis).
(3) final: termination and relapse prevention.
Solution-Focused Therapy
(Shazer, 91) Solutions instead of cause.
- Goal-directed collabo and use q’s to ID tx goals and strengths and resources to help. MIRACLE Q ID tx goals and establish future focus (if probs were solved, how’d you know?); EXCEPTION Q’s to ID contexts not as bad (think of time problem didn’t happen); SCALING Q’s to track progress (SUDS).
- Sessions involve asking Q’s, feedback, assigning hw (e.g., formula first session task to ID something want to continue).
Transtheoretical Model
*integrate concepts/strategies from mult. approaches. Assumes most effective when MATCH STAGE OF CHANGE. Motivation affected by (1) decisional balance, (2) self-efficacy, (3) temptation.
6 STAGES; PCPAMT (first 5 the goal to advance):
(1) Pre-contemplation: No intention of change within 6 mo. Denial or many failures to change so believe impossible. Resist advice or intervention. Use consciousness raising, dramatic relief (experiencing/expressing emotions), environmental reevaluation (how environment affects bx).
(2) Contemplation: Plan to change in next 6 mo. but ambivalent. Use self-reevaluation (feeling about sitch)
(3) Preparation: Plan to take action within mo. w/self-reevaluation, self-liberation (change possible and make commitment).
(4) Action: Take actions to change (e.g., contingency management, stimulus control, counterconditioning).
(5) Maintenance: Desired bx for 6+mo. Focus is relapse prevention.
(6) Termination: Relapse risk low
Motivational Interviewing
- most useful for ppl in pre-contemplation or contemplation stage.
- Primary techniques: expressing empathy, supporting self-efficacy, developing discrepancy, rolling w/resistance
- Also: use of questions, reflections, affirmations, and other strategies to elicit/reinforce “change talk”
Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
- Vary. e.g., focus on unconscious conflicts, dysfunctional interactional patterns, etc.
- All: (1) assume change can occur during brief therapy or can start change process that continues after end. (2) Agree therapy should have limited goals ID’ed and agreed upon@initial. (3) App. for only certain clients (can do insight-oriented therapy, therapeutic alliance). (4) Therapist active to establish therapeutic alliance and focus on major issues so goals can be accomplished. (5) emphasize dev. of positive (v. negative) transference and may rely more on exploration or education than interpretation. (6) Address loss, separation, and other concerns related to termination early on.
Freudian Psychoanalysis (Psychodynamic)
Deterministic&Pessimistic View. Mental health probs due to unconscious unresolved childhood conflicts that cause anxiety. Problems within personality aspect demands (Id, Ego, Superego) and defense mechanisms (to deny/distort reality on unconscious level).
Id: Present@birth. life (sexual) and death (aggression) are primary source of psychic energy. Influenced by pleasure principle. Seeks instant gratification.
Ego: Dev. @ 6mo. Influenced by reality principle. Mediates between Id and Superego (satisfy needs w/rational thought)
Superego: Last to develop. Influence by society values/norms. Conscience. Tries to BLOCK Id’s instincts.
Defense Mechanisms: repression (basis of all others), denial, reaction formation (express opposite of impulse), projection, sublimation (channeling impulse to something socially desirable). Occasional use ok/adaptive.
Goal of psychoanalysis is to make unconscious conscious and strengthen ego. Uses free associations, dreams, resistance, transference. Process of analysis: (1) Confrontation…recognize bx and possible cause (2) Clarification___bring cause to focus (3) Interpretation…link conscious bx to unconscious processes (4) Repeated interpretation…for catharsis/experience repressed emotions and insight for gradual working through and integrating insights.
Jung’s Analytical Psychology (Psychodynamic)
Bx driven by pos and neg forces, personality develops throughout lifespan, bx affected by past AND future.(Some aspects of Freud accepted).
Unconscious psyche in 2 parts: (1) personal unconscious: person’s own forgotten or repressed memories (2) collective unconscious : memories shared by all and passed down (e.g., archetypes expressed in myths, symbols). Include the persona, shadow, hero, anima, and animus.
Goal to bring unconscious material into consciousness to facilitate INDIVIDUATION (occurs 2nd half of life): process by which person becomes psychological “in-dividual” that is separate unity/whole.
Techniques used: dream interpretation, analysis of transference (projection of elements of the personal/collective unconscious).
Alder’s Individual Psychology (Psychodynamic)
Reject Freud sexual instincts w/ innate SOCIAL interest and desire for social connectedness.
- Teleological approach to appraise impact of future goals on current bx.
- People motivated by FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY arising in childhood in response to inadequacies (real/imagined).
- People motivated by STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY to overcome inferiority. How we strive = STYLE OF LIFE (person’s style dev during early childhood).
Healthy style of life when goals =personal achievement AND are altruistic. Mistaken/unhealthy style of life when goals = overcompensating for inferiority and reflect lack of concern for others.
Neurosis, psychosis, addiction, and other probs come from MISTAKEN STYLE OF LIFE
Goal of Adlerian psychotherapy: replace style of life w/healthier one by overcoming FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY and develop stronger social interest. Strategies: early recollections, dream analysis, have person act “as if” they’re the person want to be (fake it until you make it).
Mahler’s Objects Relations Theory (Psychodynamic)
(Mahler, 1975) Bx motivated by desire for human relationships. Focus on impact of EARLY relationships between child and caregivers (objects) on future relationships.
Object Constancy: dev of mental representations (introjects) of the self and objects that allow one to value object above and beyond satisfying need.
Three Stages of OC:
(1) normal autistic stage. Within first weeks of life. Totes self-absorbed and unaware of external.
(2) normal symbiotic stage. Infancy. become aware of external but unable to differentiate themselves from caregivers.
(3) separation-individuation stage. 5 months until THREE YO. Gradually develops through differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, and beginning of object constancy.
*narcissism, borderline personality disorder, and other psychiatric disorders are often due to problems during the separation-individuation process that cause a pervasive failure of object constancy.
Goal: provide corrective reparenting experience to replace the maladaptive introjects with more adaptive ones and thereby improve his/her current relationships.
Object-relations therapists provide clients w/empathic acceptance and use psychoanalytic strategies including analysis of resistance and transference.
Humanistic V. Existential
Similarities:
- Both focus on here-and-now.
- Phenomenological orientation (prioritize subjective experience over objective reality).
- Reject the medical model and use of clinical labels
- concentrate on internal qualities and perspective rather than symptoms.
Differences:
- humanistic therapies emphasize acceptance and growth and help clients become more fully-functioning and self-actualizing.
- existential therapies emphasize freedom and responsibility and “help clients confront the anxieties that arise from the awareness of one’s existential condition … [and cultivate] authentic engagement with one’s world”
(Roger’s) Person-Centered Therapy AKA Client-Centered Therapy (Humanistic)
Based on assumption all people have innate drive toward self-actualization, which motivates them to achieve their full potential.
Drive thwarted when experience incongruence between self-concept and experience.
-Conditions of worth are one source of incongruence (e.g., occur when parents provide a child with love and acceptance only when the child behaves in certain ways).
People react to incongruence defensively by distorting or denying their experiences which, in turn, leads to psychological maladjustment.
Goal: help client become “fully functioning person” who is not defensive, is open to new experiences, and is engaged in the process of self-actualization.
To achieve, provide three facilitative (core) conditions: (1) empathy, (2) unconditional positive regard (i.e., value&accept client as person), and (3) congruence (i.e., be genuine, honest, authentic).
Gestalt Therapy (Humanistic)
Assumes:
(a) people motivated to maintain state of homeostasis, which is disrupted by unfulfilled physical and psychological needs, and
(b) people seek to obtain something from the environment to satisfy their unfulfilled needs in order to restore homeostasis.
Neurosis (maladjustment) caused by ongoing disturbance in boundary between the person and the environment that interferes with ability to fulfill needs.
-Boundary disturbances include: INTROJECTION = adopt beliefs/standards/values of others w/o eval. or awareness, while PROJECTION = attribute undesirable aspects of self to others. RETROFLECTION = do to themselves what they’d like to do to others; DEFLECTION = avoid contact with the environment; and CONFLUENCE = blur the distinction between self and others.
Goals: gain awareness of one’s current thoughts, feelings, and actions to be the curative factor in therapy. Strategies increase awareness: dream work and the empty chair technique.
Dream work: having the client role-play parts of their dream that represent disowned parts of their personality.
Empty-chair technique: requires client to interact w/opposing aspects of their personality (e.g., top dog and underdog) or to resolve “unfinished business” w/a significant person in the past or present.
DIFFERENCE WITH PSYCHODYNAMIC: Gestalt therapists do not foster or interpret a client’s transference but, instead, help the client distinguish between “transference fantasy” and reality.
Existential Therapies
(Irvin Yalom, Rollo May, and Viktor Frankl). Personal responsibility and choice and are based on the assumption that “each person must ultimately define his/her personal existence.”
Existential therapists –> psych. disturbances = inability to resolve conflicts that arise when facing FOUR ULTIMATE CONCERNS OF EXISTENCE: (1) death, (2) freedom, (3) isolation, (4) meaningless.
TWO types of anxiety (May, 1950):
- Normal (existential) anxiety = in proportion to threat, does not involve repression, and can be used constructively to ID and confront the conditions that elicited it and motivate positive change.
- Neurotic anxiety = disproportionate to threat, involves repression, and keeps people from reaching their full potential.
Primary goal = “to help clients lead more authentic lives … by assisting them in taking charge of their life, helping them choose for themselves the values and purposes that will define and guide their existence, and supporting them in actions that express these values and purposes” (Corey, 2004, p. 84).
**Existential therapists: authentic therapist-client relationship most important therapeutic tool. ALSO questioning, interpretation, and reframing.
(Glasser’s 1965) Reality Therapy
-Based on CHOICE THEORY: People have FIVE innate needs (1) love and belonging (2) power (3) fun (4) freedom (5) survival.
Way of fulfilling needs leads to either SUCCESS (pos, fulfill needs responsibly, don’t infringe on others) or FAILURE (neg, maladaptive, destructive, not always helpful) IDENTITY.
Goal: Assume responsibility for actions and adopt more appropriate ways to fulfill needs to turn FAILURE into SUCCESS IDENTITY.
Strategies: Wubbolding’s (1998) WDEP system: ask about WANTS and needs, determine what currently DOING (to foster awareness of bx’s), encourage to EVALUATE own bx’s, and help create PLAN of action.
(Seligman’s) Positive Psychology
Use scientific method to evaluate theories, concepts, & interventions.
*“is about valued subjective experiences: well-being, contentment, and satisfaction (in the past); hope and optimism (for the future); and flow and happiness (in the present)”
FIVE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF WELL-BEING/ Seligman’s (2011) PERMA model:
Positive emotions (P) refers to experiencing pleasure, hope, gratitude, love, and other positive emotions.
Engagement (E) refers to being truly engaged in situations or tasks and is characterized by being in a state of “flow” – i.e., a state of being totally immersed in an activity accompanied by a high level of joy and sense of fulfillment.
Relationships (R) refers to having positive and meaningful interpersonal relationships.
Meaning (M) refers to being dedicated to a cause that’s bigger than oneself.
Accomplishment-achievement (A) refers to striving to better oneself and accomplish one’s goals.
(Kelly’s 1963) Personal Construct Therapy
FOCUS ON HOW PEOPLE CONSTRUE (perceive, interpret, and anticipate) EVENTS.
Proposes there are alt. ways of doing so and that people can change the way they construe events to alleviate undesirable behaviors and outcomes.
Construing involves the use of personal constructs, which are bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., fair/unfair, friend/enemy, relevant/irrelevant) that arise from a person’s experiences and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level.
Goals: therapist and client are partners who work together to help the client identify and replace maladaptive personal constructs. (e.g., fixed-role therapy to help clients try out alternative personal constructs…involves client role-play a fictional character that is described by the therapist and construes events in alternative ways).
Foundations of Family Therapy
GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY: OG biologists theory. All systems have interacting components w/same rules and have HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS to maintain stability/equilibrium.
CYBERNETIC THORY: Mechanisms that regulate system’s functioning are either negative (resist change, want status quo) or positive (amplify change, disrupt status quo) feedback loops.
COMMUNICATION THEORY: Certain repetitive patterns of comm./interaction =prob bx. Bateson (1972) - double-bind communication for schizophrenia.
- Symmetrical Interactions: Equality. One person’s bx elicits similar from another. Can escalate and turn into one-upmanship.
- Complementary Interactions: Inequality. One person’s bx elicit’s complement bx of another. One is dominant, another subordinate. Problem when family is exclusively symmetrical or complementary.
Postmodernism - constructivist or social constructivist perspective that assumes multiple viewpoints/realities. Fam therapy a shared process. Form collabo relationship to ID alternative ways of interpreting and resolving probs.
Evidence-Based Couple and Family Therapies
Level 1: Evidence informed. Not empirically eval ‘ed (tx, for pop., prob.). Ex: Gottman’s marital therapy and structural interventions.
Level 2: Prelim. evidence. Needs replications. Ex: Insight-oriented marital therapy and attachment-based family therapy.
Level 3: Systemic, high quality evidence.
- Category 1: Absolute efficacy. Better than no tx. Ex. Brief structural family therapy and integrative behavioral couple therapy.
- Category 2: Relative efficacy. Better than others. Ex . Bx martial therapy and parent management training.
- Category 3: Verified mechanisms of action. Ev. for model-specific change. Ex. Bx couples therapy and family psychoed. interventions for schizophrenia.
- Category 4: Contextual efficacy. Ev. for good outcomes for specific pop., specific probs., and service delivery systems. Ex. Multisystemic therapy for adolescent prob. bx’s and Bx couples therapy for alcohol and substance abuse disorders.
(Bowen’s) Extended Family Systems Therapy
-AKA intergenerational/transgenerational
-Bowen derived from work w/schizophrenia fam. Led to transmission of emotional processes through generations.
DIFFERENTIATION: People work towards DIFFERENTIATION of (1) intra-personal or between feelings/thoughts and (2) inter-personal or between one’s functioning from others. Low DIFF = emotional fusing w/other family members.
EMOTIONAL TRIANGLES: When dyad has tension, recruit 3rd fam member to alleviate tension and +stability. E.g., husband and wife become over involved w/child. Low DIFF = more triangles.
FAMILY PROJECTION PROCESS: Parents project emotional immaturity to children which causes low DIFF.
MULTIGEN-TRANMISSION PROCESS: Transmit emotional immaturity across generation. Child most involved in fam’s emotional system becomes least DIFF. Grows up to choose LOW DIFF spouse and has messed up kid.
*Structure: increase DIFF by working with family member capable of increasing DIFF or w/parents. Starts w/ genogram (map 3 gens of internee patterns of functioning). Q’s to defuse emotions and help fam ID how they contribute to probs. Alter triangulated relationships. Therapist is coach but neutral. Fam talk directly to therapist to reduce emotional reactivity.
(Minuchin’s) Structural Family Therapy
-sx’s related to family structure probs that cause bad responses to dev. and situational stress. Subsystems important. Goal to ALTER COALITIONS and create CLEAR BOUNDARIES. Focus on BX CHANGE (NOT insight). Three phases: joining (therapeutic alliance w/ mimesis, tracking, maintenance), evaluation (family map), intervention (reframing, unbalancing/align w/weak fam member, boundary making, enactment/role play prob)
SUBSYSTEMS: small units in fam for specific tasks e.g., parents subsystem.
BOUNDARIES: implicit & explicit rules for amt of fam contact. Exist on continuum/differ in permeability - overly DIFFUSED = ENMESHED relationships..overly RIGID = DISENGAGED relationships. Best are clear boundaries = close relationships w/personal ID.
FOUR RIGID FAM. TRIADS (obscure or deny conflicts:
(1) stable coalition: parent&child v. other parent.
(2) unstable coalition: triangulation. Each parent wants child on their side.
(3) detouring-attack coalition: Parents avoid probs. Blame child.
(4) detouring-support coalition: Parents avoid probs. Overprotect child.
(Haley’s) Strategic Family Therapy
Sx’s are maladaptive strategies for control in relationships when others have failed. POWER and CONTROL determined by hierarchies. Bad when hierarchies inappropriate or unclear.
Goal to alter interactions that maintain sx. Therapist has ACTIVE ROLE focused on BX CHANGE (NOT insight). Initial session w/4 stages: social stage (observe interactions), problem stage (everyone shares issues&causes), interactional stage (fam discuss w/each other), goal-setting stage (agree on prob and make concrete therapy goals).
Use of straightforward (instructions to engage in bx to change interactions) and paradoxical (use of resistance to help change/realize control over prob bx) directives.
Paradoxical directives: prescribing the sx (exaggerate prob bx), restraining (don’t change or not too quickly), ordeal (unpleasant task performed whenever prob bx engaged in).
Milan Systematic Family Therapy
-Family adheres to homeostatic rules and patterns of communication (family games).
Dirty family games = family games that are rigid, involve power struggles.
Goal of therapy: Alter family rules/games that maintain prob bx.
Structure: THERAPEUTIC TEAM and FIVE-PART THERAPY SESSIONS (pre-session, session, intersession, intervention, post session). 4-6 weeks between sessions.
Strategies: Hypothesizing (interactive process of speculating re: fam sitch), neutrality (accept everyone’s viewpoint), circular questioning (each family member gets same Q to ID different viewpoints and patterns), positive connotation (see bright side of sx that maintains cohesion and well-being), and family rituals (hw between session to alter family games e.g., parents take turns being controlling).
(Satir’s) Conjoint Family Therapy
-AKA Human Validation Process Model
Families seek balance. Probs when balance achieved w/bad rules, roles, expectations, or dysfunctional communication.
FOUR DYSFUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION STYLES: Placating, blaming, computing (overly intellectual approach to avoid emotional engagement), distracting (change subject w/jokes to avoid). Also CONGRUENT (LEVELING) Style…(congruence in verbal/nonverbal, emotions engagement, directness/authenticity).
Goal: Enhance growth potential by increasing self-esteem, strengthening prob solving skills, promote congruent communication.
Strategies: USE OF SELF (therapist = facilitator, mediator, advocate, educator, and role model), family sculpting (fam member takes turn positioning others to depict view of relationships), family reconstruction (psychodrama w/ role-playing 3 gen’s of family to explore unresolved issues/events).
(White, Epston, Gehart) Narrative Family Therapy
sx’s from oppressive personal life narratives that socially constructed. PROB is the PROB (not person) and exists EXTERNALLY/OUTSIDE PERSON.
Goal: Replace problem-saturated stories w/alternative stories for more satisfying/preferred outcomes.
Strategies: Meeting/get to know fam members outside problems, Listening/pay attention to ID dominant discourses and unique outcomes AKA “Sparkling moments” that aren’t consistent w/problem-saturated stories, Separating/externalizing problems, Enacting/ID preferred better narratives, Solidifying/strengthen alternative dories (e.g., writing letters of support, expand social network of support).
Structure: Therapist = collaborator. Externalizing Q’s (help view probs outside self, e.g., what does anger tell you to do), Opening Space Q’s (ID unique outcomes e.g., has there been a time prob didn’t control your life). Also use of therapeutic letters (therapist writes to reinforce emerging alternative story), therapeutic certificates (given end of therapy), definitional ceremonies (opportunity to tell others how probs were overcome and celebrate change).
(Greenburg and Johnson) Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT)
BRIEF evidence-based tx that integrates attachment theory, humanistic-experiential approaches, and systems theory. OG for couples but now for families and solo’s.
Assumes: emotions essential to organization of attachment and influences how people experience themselves/their partners, attachments needs of partners are healthy/adaptive but probs when have attachment-related insecurities, relationship distress =maintained by dominant emotional experiences of each parter and by how interactions organized.
Goal: Expand and restructure emotional experiences partners have to develop new interactional patterns and experience attachment security.
Structure: Help partners express and deal w/emotions fastest way to solve prob. THREE STAGES: Assessment and cycle de-escalation, changing interactional positions and creating new bonding events, consolidation and integration.
Functional Family Therapy (FFT)
Evidence-based tx for at-risk teens (CD and/or substance abuse) and fams.
Incorporates structural, strategic, and Bx Family Therapy. Assumes prob bx service relationship functions (i.e., regulate connections/hierarchies).
Goal: Replace prob bx’s w/nonprob bx that fulfill same function.
Structure: 8 to 30 sessions over 3 to 6mo period w/ 3 stages:
(1) Engagement and Motivation Stage: Therapeutic alliance, reduce hopelessness/negativity, increase pos expectations for change, Use joining and reframing.
(2) Behavior Change Stage: Immediate/long-term bx goals ID’ed and tx plan implemented.
(3) Generalization Stage: Link to community resources, generalize skills, ID ways to avoid relapse.
Multisystemic Therapy (MTS)
Evidence-based tx. OG for teen offenders at-risk for out-of-home placement and their families. Adapted for tens w/other mental health issues. Derived from strategic & structural fam therapy, Bx therapy, and CBT and target factors driving prob bx.
Based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model.
MST Do-Loop =analytic process. 9 tx principles (i.e., finding fit between prob and broader system, focus on pos/strengths, increase responsibility, be present/focused/action-oriented/well-defined, target bx sequences, use dev appropriate interventions, encourage continuous effort, stress eval and accountability, promote generalization.
Structure: Provided in-home/community. Multi-dis team that is tailored (e.g., caseworker, fam therapist substance abuse counselor, two others for school/neighborhood).
Group Therapy
Inclusion/Exclusionary Criteria:
- good for: motivated, active, self-reflected, capacity for interpersonal relationships, ok w.self-disclosure
- bad for: ppl w/SI, delusional, aggressively impulsive.
- Antisocial Pers. Dis = Need homogenous group.
Characteristics:
- Adult should be 7 to 10. Interactions limited w/less than 7. Hard to involve everyone if more than 10. Large size =low cohesiveness/high dropout
- Closed group = dropouts not replaced. Predetermined sessions/specific goals. Greater group cohesiveness.
- Open group = same #. Broader goals. Benefit from energy/new input from new ppl.
Formative Phases: Yalom. Three Formative Stages:
(1) initial orientation, hesitant participation, search for meaning, dependency stage: Group looks for leader for clarification of purpose, structure, acceptance. Describe sx. Give/seek advice.
(2) Conflict, dominance, and rebellion stage: compete for power/control and want pecking order. Group critical and may be hostile/resentful toward therapist if not favorite.
(3) Development of cohesiveness stage: Group conflict decreases, cohesiveness increases. Group trusts each other/therapist. Members may reveal why in therapy and concerned if others absent/dropout. *Marks mature group that can deal.
Therapeutic Factors: Yalom. 11 therapeutic factors for effectiveness of group therapy:
- group cohesiveness, instillation of hope, universality, altruism, imparting information, development of socializing techniques, corrective recapitulation of the primary family group, interpersonal learning, imitative behavior, catharsis, and existential factors.
- group cohesiveness=therapeutic alliance in individual therapy. Precondition for others. Strong predictor of positive group therapy outcomes.
CBT
Cognitive Schemas: Core beliefs developed in childhood. Nature/nurture. Revealed in automatic thoughts. Diff. “Cog Profile” for depression = negative beliefs about self, world, future.
Automatic Thoughts: Can be pos/neg. Can use Dysfunctional Thought Record (DTR) when mood worsens to record event, thought, emotion/intensity, alternative rational response, and outcome.
Cognitive Distortions: Systematic errors. E.g., Arbitrary Inference (draw neg conclusion w/o evidence), Selective Abstraction (pay attention to and exaggerate minor neg detail while ignoring other aspects), Dichotomous Thinking (two extremes), Personalization (Make external event about you w/o evidence), Emotional Reasoning (Rely on own emotional state to draw conclusions about everything).
Goal: Correct faulty info processing/modify assumptions that maintain prob bx/bad emotions. Relies on COLLABORATIVE EMPIRICISM. (therapist/pt are coinvestigators). Also Socratic Dialogue (asking questions to clarify/define prob, ID thoughts/assumptions, evaluate consequences).
Strategies: redifine prob, reattribution, decatastrophizing. Also activity scheduling, behavioral rehearsal, exposure therapy, and guided imagery (reduce anxiety/pain &relax).
