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BDS2 BAMS Disease of Human System > Clinical Pharmacology > Flashcards

Clinical Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Define drug

A

External substance that acts on a living tissue to produce a measurable change in the function of that tissue

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2
Q

Give examples of drug use in dentistry

A
  • L.A
  • antimicrobials
  • anxiolytics
  • analgesics
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3
Q

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • rapid metabolism
  • high pulse rate
  • sweating and heat intolerance
  • anxiety and agitation
  • weight loss
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4
Q

What symptoms are shown with hypothyroidism?

A
  • cold intolerance
  • coarse skin
  • memory loss
  • slow pulse
  • slow metabolism
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5
Q

give examples of autonomic drugs?

A
  • adrenaline: beta agonist
  • atenolol: beta blocker
  • pilocarpine: cholinergic agonist
  • atropine: cholinergic blocker
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6
Q

Define topical drug

A

drug applied to the tissue where it acts

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7
Q

define systemic drug

A

drug applied to the whole organism

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8
Q

define parenteral drug

A

drug administered by injection

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9
Q

define transdermal drug

A

drug applied to the skin for adsorption

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10
Q

define subcutaneous drug

A

drug injection into the tissues of the skin

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11
Q

define intramuscular drug

A

drug injected into muscle

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12
Q

define intravenos drug

A

drug injected into a vein

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13
Q

define transmucosal drug

A

drug applied to the mucosa for adsorption

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14
Q

give examples of acute toxic reactions in response to drug administration

A
  • bone marow suppression
  • hepatoxicity and biliary stasis
  • acute nephrotoxicity
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15
Q

give exmaples of drug-drug interaction alterations due to drug administration

A
  • protein binding eg. warfarin and aspirin/NSAIDs
  • drug metabolism eg. warfarm, simvastatin
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16
Q

what are the 8 elements a prescription must include?

A
  1. patients name, address age
  2. patient identifier: DoB, CHI number
  3. number of days of treatment
  4. drug to be prescribed
  5. drug formulation and dosage
  6. instructions on quantity to be dispensed
  7. instructions to be given to the patient
  8. signed: idenitifier of prescriber
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17
Q

what are the 4 main modes of drug action?

A
  1. receptors
  2. enzyme function
  3. ion channels
  4. trasnport systems
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18
Q

What may drug-receptor interactions be coupled to?

A
  1. G-proteins
  2. ion channels
  3. enzymes
  4. gene transcription
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19
Q

what is drug response determined by?

A

drug-receptor interaction
- affinity
- occupancy

drug induced response
- efficacy

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20
Q

Define affinity

A

the tightness of the drug binding to the receptor

21
Q

define occupancy

A

how much time the drug spends on the receptor

22
Q

define efficacy

A

how effective the drrug is at producing a response from the receptors

23
Q

What is an agonist?

A

bind to a receptor and cause an effect

24
Q

what is the difference between an agonist and a partial agonist?

A
  • more difficult to prduce drug/receptor effect than with agonist
  • increasing PA may improve efficacy for some
25
Q

give an example of an irreversible antagonist

A

phenoxybenzamine - alpha 1 blocker

26
Q

give an example of a reversible antagonist

A

atenolol - beta 1 blocker

27
Q

give an example of a drug that acts on ion channels

A
  • LA
  • anti-diabetic drugs
28
Q

What are the 6 stages of drugs in the body?

A
  1. administration
  2. absorption
  3. transport
  4. clinical effect
  5. metabolism
  6. excretion
29
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

drug has to pass through the liver to reach systemic circulation therefore drug action may be altered by state of liver function.

30
Q

what are the various routes of drug administration?

A
  • oral
  • intravenous/intramuscular
  • transdermal/subcutaneous
  • transmucosal
  • inhalation
31
Q

what are the adv and dis of oral administration

A

adv
- socially acceptable
- drug formulation can change onset and duration of action

dis
- slow onset
- variable absorption
- first pass metabolism

32
Q

what are the adv and dis of intravenous/intramuscular drug administration?

A

adv.
- rapid onsen
- predictable plasma levels
- no first pass

dis.
- allergic reactions more sever
- short duration of action
- access difficulties/self-medication
- more expensive

33
Q

what are the adv and dis. of transdermal/subcutaneous drug administration?

A

adv.
- no first pass
- allergic reactions often localised
- prolonged reaction

dis.
- very slow onset
- self-medication possible
- more expensive
- effects vary

34
Q

Define bioavailability of a drug

A

proportion of an ingested drug that is available for clinical effect

35
Q

how is a drug transported?

A
  1. dissolved in blood and trasnported by plasma proteins (usually albumin)
  2. bound drug: inactive
  3. speed of diffusion into tissues from blood depend on blood flow to area, blood wall vessel barrier, active secretion of drug into the tissue
36
Q

what is the single compartment model?

A

drug behaves as if its evenly distrubuted throughout the body

37
Q

what is the two-comparment model?

A

drug behaves as if it is in equilibrium with different tissues in the body

38
Q

Give examples of phase 1 metabolism reactions

A
  • oxidation
  • reduction
  • hydrolysis
39
Q

give examples of phase 2 metabolism reactions

A
  • glucoronidation
  • sulphation
  • methylation
  • acetylation
40
Q

what is the function of drug metabolism?

A

to prepare the drug for elimination from the body

41
Q

where are drugs mainly metabolised?

A

liver
(some in plasma)

42
Q

where does majority of drug excretion occur?

A
  • renal excretion of water soluble metabolites (urine)
  • liver (bile)
  • lungs (inhaled gases and volatile fractions of other drugs)
43
Q

which organ fucntions determines dosage of drug?

A

liver and renal

44
Q

what is plasma half-life?

A

time taked to eliminate half of drug

45
Q

what is first order kinetics

A

drug metabolism is directly proportional to drug concentration

excretion: passive diffusion only

46
Q

what is zero order kinetics?

A

drug metabolism occurs at a fixed rate and is independent from drug conc

excretion: active process

47
Q

what occurs if drug dosage is too frequent?

A

plasma levels become toxic

48
Q

what occurs if drug dosage is too infrequent?

A

results in sub-therapeutic plasma levels and no clincial effect

49
Q

what is pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?

A

study of drug interaction with the body and the body interaction with the drug

BDS2 BAMS Disease of Human System (4 decks)

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