Clinical pathophysiology

Question 1

why do patients with bronchitis have a higher than normal rate of respiratory infections?

Answer 1

smoking paralyses the cilia which aid In removing the trapped mucous out of the airway.
mucous traps bacteria and if it is not being removed then bacteria colonise creating infection.

Question 2

name the muscles which patients with emphysema will use to exhale actively

Answer 2

abdominal muscles

internal intercostal muscles

Question 3

in a patient with COPD, why might their RBC count and haematocrit be increased?

Answer 3

COPD causes the patients arterial P02 to decrease causing them to become hypoxic and the major stimulant of RBC synthesis is hypoxia.

Question 4

How does fibrotic lung diseases affect gas exchange?

Answer 4

Fibrosis causes thickened alveolar membrane and interstitum therefore slows gas exchange as there is a larger diffusion distance

Question 5

How does emphysema affect gas exchange?

Answer 5

The destruction of alveoli reduces surface area for gas exchange

Question 6

How does asthma affect gas exchange?

Answer 6

Increased airway resistance decreases airway ventilation

Question 7

what is the FEV1/FVC ratio like in restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 7

FEV1 and FVC is reduced therefore the ratio can be normal or slightly low

Question 8

what are the differences in the FEV1/FVC graphs between restrictive and obstructive lung diseases?

Answer 8

in restrictive lung diseases the whole graph is shifted down due to the lack of air in the lungs to begin with.
in obstructed lung diseases the graph starts at a normal volume but FEV1 and FVC and very low in volume so it has a much lower/steeper cure than the normal graph.

Question 9

what type of cells are type 1 pnueocytes?

Answer 9

squamous

Question 10

what type of cells are type 2 pneumocytes?

Answer 10

cuboidal