Clinical Pathology Flashcards
where do Leukocytes originate from?
The bone marrow
What are increased and decreased leukocytes called?
Increased= Leukocytosis
Decreased= Leukopenia
What are increased and decreased Lymphocytes called?
Increased= Lymphocytosis
Decreased= Lymphopenia
What are increased and decreased Monocytes called?
Increases= Monocytosis
Decreased= Monocytopenia (not clinically rellevant)
What are increased and decreased Neutrophils called?
Increased= Neutrophilia
Decreased= Neutropenia
What are increased and decreased Eosinophils called?
Increased= Eosinophilia
Decreased= Eosinopenia
What are increased and decreased Basophils called?
Increased= Basophilia
Decreased= Basopenia (not clinically rellevant)
How do we find absolute cell counts for WBC?
Take the % and make it a decimal
decimal x 10,000= absolute number of cell type
What is the normal limit for WBC?
5,000-10,000
How do we find the corrected WBC (cWBC)?
WBC x100 / (100+nRBC)
The nRBC have been checked via a blood smear
What is the formula for finding absolute WBC counts?
Absolute WBC counts= Relative WBC % in decimal form x total WBC count
What is the order of Neutrophil maturation?
Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, Myelocyte, Metamyelocyte, Band Neutrophils, Segmenter Neutrophils
Which are the proliferating cells of Neutrophils?
Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, and Myelocyte
Which are Maturaiton cells of Neutrophils?
Metamyelocyte, Band Neutrophils, and Segmenter Neutrophils
If dogs and cats have a large marginal pool with more segmented neutrophils then….
…..They should not have many band neutrophils in circulation
If cattle and horses have a small storage pool of segmented neutrophils then….
… They should have more band neutrophils in circulation than dogs and cats
What does a degenerative left shift look like?
The number of band neutrophils out number the neutrophils & in come cases there is a neutropenia.
Increased bands, neutropenia OR normal to neutrophilia but bands are still greater than neutrophils
What does a regenerative left shift look like?
There is an increased number of neutrophils in the blood, absolute number & bands are increased. The number of neutrophils are greater than the bands
THIS IS A NORMAL LEUKOGRAM
What is the significance of a Degenerative Left shift tell us?
the bone marrow cannot keep up with the peripheral demand for neutrophils; interpreted as “overwhelming inflammation” and often suggests a poor prognosis
What does a deep left shift look like and what does this tell us?
There are circulating metamyelocytes or myelocyte which means that there is demand on the marrow to produce these cells
What is the significance of a regenerative left shift?
the bone marrow is responding to tissue inflammation & releasing earlier neutrophils (bands) from the maturation pool
What do diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia look like?
due to a greateramount of RNA; mild diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia
Can be normal in cats
What do Dohle bodies look like?
blue grey, amorphous or angular cytoplasmic inclusions; reflects stacks of retained endoplasmic reticulum
1-2 Dohle bodies can be normal in cats
What does toxic vacuolization look like?
indistinct or frothy cytoplasmic vacuoles due to dispersed organelles; not to be confused with discrete round vacuoles caused by prolonged exposure to EDTA
What does toxic granulation look like?
dust-like purple to dark pink cytoplasmic granules
what features does a minimal to mild neutrophil toxicity need to have?
1 or 2 of the most common morphological features
what features does a minimal to mild neutrophil toxicity need to have?
1 or 2 of the most common morphological features
what features does a moderate neutrophil toxicity need to have?
usually 2 of the 3 most common morphologic features
what features does a marked neutrophil toxicity need to have?
all 3 of the common features and/or toxic granulation
What is the significance of a morula?
Indicates infectious agents such as anaplasma, ehrlichia, and distemper
Common in dogs and horses
