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ANATOMY > Clinical notes (Snell's) > Flashcards

Clinical notes (Snell's) Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Fractures of the skull are common in ADULT but much less so in the young child.

A

True

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2
Q

In the infant skull, the bones are more resilient than in the adult skull and ____________ separate them.

A

Fibrous sutural ligaments

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3
Q

True or False: In the adult, the OUTER TABLE OF THE SKULL is particularly brittle

A

False:

Inner table of the skull

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4
Q

Moreover, the ___________ begin to ossify during middle age.

A

Sutural ligaments

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5
Q

The type of fracture that occurs in the skull depends on:

A
  1. The age of the patient
  2. The severity of the blow
  3. The area of skull receiving the trauma
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6
Q

A severe, localized blow produces a local indentation often accompanied by _________________

A

Splintering of the bone

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7
Q

Blows to the vault often result in a series of _________, which radiate out through the thin areas of bone.

A

Linear fractures

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8
Q

The petrous parts of the __________ and the _________ strongly reinforce the base of the skull and tend to deflect linear fractures.

A

Temporal bones and the Occipital crests

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9
Q

In the young child, the skull may be likened to a table tennis ball in that a localized blow produces a depression without splintering. This common type of circumscribed lesion is referred to as a ______________.

A

Pond fracture

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10
Q

The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone may be damaged in fractures of the ____________.

A

Anterior cranial fossa

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11
Q

This usually results in tearing of the overlying meninges and underlying mucoperiosteum.

A

Anterior cranial fossa fractures

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12
Q

The patient will have bleeding from the nose or __________ and leakage of CSF into the nose or ___________.

A

Epistaxis

Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea

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13
Q

Fractures involving the beneath the conjunctiva and into the orbital cavity, causing __________. The frontal air sinus may be involved with hemorrhage into the nose.

A

Exophthalmos

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14
Q

Fractures of the ___________ are common, because this is the weakest part of the base of the skull. This weakness is caused by the presence of NUMEROUS FORAMINA and CANALS in this region.

A

Middle cranial fossa

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15
Q

True or False: The cavities of the middle ear and the sphenoid air sinuses are particularly VULNERABLE.

A

True

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16
Q

The leakage of CSF and blood from the _________ is common.

A

External auditory meatus

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17
Q

The _____ and _____ cranial nerves may be involved as they pass through the petrous part of the temporal bone.

A

7th and 8th cranial nerves

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18
Q

The _____, _______ and ______ cranial nerves may be damaged if the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus is torn.

A

3rd, 4th and 6th

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19
Q

In fractures of the _________, blood may escape into the nape of the neck deep to the postvertebral muscles.

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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20
Q

In fractures involving the JUGULAR FORAMEN, the _____, ______ and _____ cranial nerves may be damaged.

A

9th
10th
11th

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21
Q

Are common causes of facial fractures.

A
  1. automobile accidents
  2. fisticuffs
  3. falls
22
Q

Fortunately, the upper part of the skull is developed from _________ whereas the remainder is developed from _________.

A

Membrane

Cartilage

23
Q

Signs of fractures of the facial bones include:

A
  1. Deformity
  2. Ocular displacement
  3. Abnormal movement accompanied by crepitation
  4. Malocclusion of the teeth
24
Q

Anasthesia or parasthesia of the facial skin will follow fracture of bones through which branches of the _________ pass the skin.

A

Trigeminal nerve

25
Q

_________ is not needed once a fracture of the maxilla has been reduced.

A

Prolonged fixation

26
Q

However, in the case of the _______, the strong muscles of mastication can create considerable displacement requiring long periods of fixation.

A

Mandible

27
Q

The most common facial fractures involve the ________, followed by the ________ and then the __________.

A

Nasal bones
Zygomatic bone
Mandible

28
Q

Because of the prominence of the nose, fractures of the _______ are the most common facial fractures.

A

nasal bones

29
Q

Because the bones are lined with ___________, the fracture is considered open; the overlying skin may also be lacerated.

A

Mucoperiosteum

30
Q

___________ usually occur as the result of massive facial trauma.

A

Maxillofacial fractures

31
Q

There is extensive facial swelling, midface mobility of the underlying bone on palpation, malocclusion of the teeth with anterior open bite and possibly leakage of CSF secondary to fracture of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

A

Maxillofacial fractures

32
Q

Involvement of the __________ with anesthesia or parasthesia of the skin of the cheek and upper gum may occur in fractures of the body of the maxilla.

A

Infraorbital nerve

33
Q

A severe blow to the orbit (as from a baseball) may cause the contents of the orbital cavity to explode _______ through the floor of the orbit into the maxillary sinus.

A

Downward

34
Q

Damage to the _________ may occur, resulting in altered sensation in the skin of the cheek, upper lip and gum.

A

Infraorbital nerve

35
Q

A blow to the side of the face can fracture the ZYGOMA or ZYGOMATIC ARCH. Although it can occur as an ___________, as from a blow from a clenched fist it may be associated with multiple other fractures of the face as often seen in automobile accidents.

A

Isolated fracture

36
Q

The _________ is horseshoe shaped and forms part of a bony ring with the two temperomandibular joints and the base of the skull.

A

Mandible

37
Q

__________ is transmitted around the ring, causing a single fracture or multiple fractures of the manidble, often far removed from the point of impact.

A

Traumatic impact

38
Q

It is important to realize that the SKIN, the SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, and the EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS are separated from the periosteum by ____________.

A

Loose aerolar tissue

39
Q

The skin of the scalp possesses numerous ___________, the ducts of which are pone to infection and damage by repeated hair treatment. For this reason, the __________ of the scalp are common.

A

Sebaceous glands

Sebaceous cysts

40
Q

True or False:

The scalp has a PROFUSE BLOOD SUPPLY to nourish the hair follicles.

A

True

41
Q

It is often difficult to stop the bleeding of a scalp wound because the arterial walls are attached to ________ in the subcutaneous tissue (C layer) and are unable to contract or retract to allow blood clotting to take place.

A

Fibrous septa

42
Q

___________ applied to the scalp is the only satisfactory method of stopping the bleeding.

A

Local pressure

43
Q

In scalp lacerations, appropriate _________ reduces the chance of necrosis.

A

Vascular suturing

44
Q

The tension of the epicranial aponeurosis, produced by the tone of the ____________, is important in all deep wounds of the scalp.

A

Occipitofrontalis muscles

45
Q

True or False: All the superficial arteries supplying the scalp ascend from the face and neck.

A

True

46
Q

Infections of the scalp tend to remain _______ and are usually painful because of the abundant FIBROUS TISSUE in the subcutaneous layer.

A

Localized

47
Q

Ocassionally, an infection of the scalp spreads by the emissary veins which are valveless to the skull bones causing __________.

A

Osteomyelitis

48
Q

Infected blood in the DIPLOIC VEINS may travel by the emissary veins farther into the venous sinuses and produce __________

A

Venous sinus thrombosis

49
Q

Blood or pus may collect in the potential space deep to the _____________ (the L layer of the scalp).

A

Epicranial aponeurosis

50
Q

______________ is limited to ONE BONE because of the attachment of the periosteum to the sutural ligaments.

A

Subperiosteal blood or pus

ANATOMY (12 decks)

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