Clinical neuroanatomy -Cerebral lesions

Question 1

Monocular vision

Answer 1

optic nerve lesion complete loss of vision in one eye

Question 2

Bitemporal hemianopia

Answer 2

Lesion in the optic chasm

Question 3

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Answer 3

lesion in the optic tract

Question 4

Contralateral superior quadrantanopia

Answer 4

lesion in the meyer loop will affect the fibres from the upper portion of the contralateral visual field

Question 5

Speech areas of the brain

Answer 5

Brocas area –> sensory area of speech Wernickes –> to form words

Question 6

Loss of brocas area

Answer 6

Expressive dysphagia

Question 7

Temporal lobe wernickes area lesion

Answer 7

problems processing information

Question 8

Lesions in the frontal lobe

Answer 8

1, Personalit change- apathetic (lack of interest in life activities and/or interacting with othersrelationship) or disinhbted 2. Brocas aphasia (expressive) 3. abnormal affective reactions 4. Primitive relfexes ( present in normal infant but not intact in adult) 5. Perseveration - repetition of words

Question 9

Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Answer 9

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Question 10

Parietal lobe

Answer 10

associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli

Question 11

Occiptal lobe

Answer 11

associated with visual processing

Question 12

Temporal lobe

Answer 12

associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

Question 13

Areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 13

Motor- precentral gyrus (frontal lobe) Sensory 1. somatosensory - post central gyrus 2. auditory - superior temporal lobe 3. visual - occipital cortex 4. Olfacory - frontal lobe 5. Broca’s area- dominant frontal lobe, speech output 6. Wernickes area- dominant posterior superior temporal gyrus word comprehension

Question 14

Parietal lobe damage may result in (all the A’s)

Answer 14

1. Apraxia - inability to perform purpose actions (dressing) 2. Acalculia - calculation impairments 3. Agraphia - (loss in ability to communicate through writing) 4. drawing apraxia (drawing ability) 5. constructional apraxia - inability to copy accurately drawings 6. asterognosis - inability to identify an object with hands homonoyous inferior quadrantopia

Question 15

Occiptal lesions may result in

Answer 15

cortical blindness homonymous hemianopia Visual agnosia (inability to comprehend memory of objects)

Question 16

Temporal lesions may result in

Answer 16

Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive) cortical deafness memory impairment imparied musical perception emotional distrubance homonoymous superior quadrantanopia

Question 17

Upper motor neuron lesion

Answer 17

lesion above the level of the anterior horn cell Signs 1. increased tone 2. increased reflexes 3. weakness with little wasting 4. extensor plantar

Question 18

Lower motor neuron lesion

Answer 18

Lesion of cell bodies or axons of anterior horn cells Signs 1. reduced tone 2. absent reflexes 3. fasciculations 4. wasting

Question 19

Localisation of brain lesions

Answer 19

• Brain (stroke, MS, Tumour)
• Brainstem (stroke, MS)
• cerebellum (alcohol, MS, stroke(
• spinal cord (MS, tumour)
• anterior horn (MND)
• peripheral nerve (diabetes, alcogol, GBS, vasculitis(
• Neuromuscular junction (MG)
• Muscle (dystrophy, myositis)