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clinical microscopy Flashcards

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1
Q

overall evaluation of renal function

A

urinalysis

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2
Q

basic functional unit of kidneys

A

nephron

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3
Q

what has glomerulus (tuft of capillaries), renal tubules (PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting)

A

Nephron

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4
Q

3 processes of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
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5
Q

Function of the Nephron

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
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6
Q

what function of the nephron is described:
in the glomerulus, blood plasma and dissolved substances get filtered into the glomerular capsule

A

Filtration

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7
Q

what function is the nephron is described:
all along the renal tubule and collecting duct, water, ions, reabsorbed from the renal tubule lumen into the peritubular capillaries and ultimately into the blood.

A

Reabsorption

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8
Q

Types of urine Specimen

A

a. Early morning urine
b. Random urine
c. Fasting/post prandial urine
d. Timed urine

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9
Q

preferred because it is more concentrated from overnight retention in the bladder; good for protein analysis

A

early morning urine

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10
Q

collected any time of the day

A

random urine

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11
Q

for glucose determination

A

fasting/post prandial urine

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12
Q

for clearance test

A

timed urine

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13
Q

RU

A

a. types of specimen
b. method of collection
c. specimen handling
d.effects of unpreserved urine

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14
Q
  • clean midstream catch
  • catheterization
A

method of collection

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15
Q
  • must be analyzed within 1 hour of collection if stored at room temperature
  • refrigerate @ 2-8C for not more than 8 hours (uf delay examination)
A

specimen handling

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16
Q
  • bacterial multiplication cause (+) nitrite test
  • pH alkalinization leads to cast degeneration and RBC lysis
A

effects of unpreserved urine

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17
Q
  • urease-producing organisms will degrade urea to ammonia
  • loss of CO2
A

effects of unpreserved urine

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18
Q

steps in RU

A

A. Physical Examination
B. Chemical Examination: Reagent Strip Method
C. Microscopic Examination

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19
Q

under physical examination

A

a.1 color
a.2 odor
a.3 turbidity (transparency/clarity)
a.4 volume
a.5 specific gravity (SG)

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20
Q
  • attributed to pigments: urochrome, urobilin, uroerythrin
  • a rough indication if the state if hydration of an individual
A

Color

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21
Q

gross appearance

A

physical examination

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22
Q

when color is dark

A

it means it is more concentrated

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23
Q

purple color of urine

A

does not exist

24
Q
  • has little diagnostic significance; not included in the routine
  • result
  • aromatic dye to presence of volatile acids
  • suggestive of freshness of the sample
A

odor

25
Q

release of ammonia after bacterial degradation of urea; indicative of UTI

A

ammoniacal odor

26
Q

diabetic urine - presence of ketones

A

fruity odor

27
Q

isovaleric acidemia

A

sweaty feet odor

28
Q

phenylketonuria

A

mousy odor

29
Q

methioninr malabsorption

A

cabbage odor

30
Q
  • degree of cloudiness
  • depends on pH and presence of dissolved solids
  • reported as clear, slightly turbid, turbid cloudy
A

turbidity

31
Q

smoky appearance of turbidity

A

hematuria

32
Q

thread-like cloudiness of turbidity

A

mucus

33
Q

indicates the balance between fluid ingestion and water lost from lungs,sweat, and intestines

A

volume

34
Q

normal adult urine volume

A

750-2,000 mL/24 hrs

35
Q

excessive urine exxcretion

A

polyuria

36
Q

absence of urine output

A

anuria

37
Q

weight of urine/ weight of water standard

A

specific gravity (SG)

38
Q

methods of SG determination

A
  • refractometer (total solid meter)
  • urinometer or hydrometer
  • dipstick
39
Q

clinical correlation

A

high SG (specific gravity)
low SG

40
Q

DM, congestive heart failure, dehydration, adrenal insufficiency, liver diseases, and nephrosis

A

High SG

41
Q

DI, pyelonephirits, and glomerulonephritis

A

Low SG

42
Q

refers to the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration

A

pH

43
Q

normal pH of a random urine

A

4.5 8

44
Q

Reagent strip test contain test pads impregnated with reagents that specifically react with a test analyte and register specific color change

A

chemical examination

45
Q

color change is compred to a…

A

comparator chart

46
Q

1-2 drops of urine sediments from a centrifuged urine is placed on a glass slide to examine under LPO and HPO

A

microscopic examination

47
Q

Cellular elements (average of 10 microscopic fields)

A

a. RBC : Hematuria
b. WBC: Pyuria
c. Epithelial cells (EC)
d.Casts: Cylinduria or Cylindroiduria

48
Q

seen in glomerulonephritis, severe exercise, menstrual blood contamination, vascular injury, renal/urinary calculi obstruction, pyelonephritis

A

RBC: Hematuria

49
Q

seen in cases of pyelonephritis, UTI, inflammation

A

WBC: Pyuria

50
Q

WBC enlarged showing a sparkling effect in their CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES and noticable BROWNIAN MOTION

A

glitter cells

51
Q

cells sloughed off the lining of the nephrons and urinary tract

A

epithelial cells (EC)

52
Q

3 types of epithelial cells

A

squamous cells (large & flat)
renal eepithelial cells (round & uninucleate)
transitional bladder EC (urothelial)

53
Q

formed primarily within distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct

A

Casts: Cylinduria and Cylindroiduria

54
Q

Casts: Cylinduria and Cylundroiduria precipitated cylindrical impressions of the nephrons composed of…

A

Tamm Horsfall mucoprotein uromucoid

55
Q

types of casts

A

hyaline
wavy
granular to wavy
coarsely granular
finely granular
hyaline to fine granular

56
Q

formed by the precipitation of urinr salts subjected to pH, temperature or concentration

A

Crystals

MLS 101 (2 decks)

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