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EDAIC PART II > Clinical Measurement > Flashcards

Clinical Measurement Flashcards

1
Q

What is humidity?

A

This is the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere.

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2
Q

What is absolute humidity?

A

Total mass of water vapour present in the atmosphere per unit volume. Measured in kg.m-3 or g.m-3

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3
Q

What is relative humidity?

A

This is the ratio of the amount of water vapour in air compared to the amount it would contain at the same temperature if the air was fully saturated. RH %

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4
Q

What is dew point?

A

This is the temperature at which the relative humidity of air exceeds 100% and water condenses out of vapour phase to form a liquid.

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5
Q

How is humidity measured?

A

The hygrometer

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6
Q

What does the humidity graph try to explain?

A

How a fixed amount of water vapour in the atmosphere can leave to variable RH depending on the current temperature.

Also explains the importance of the upper airway in a room fully humidified by the addition of 27g.m-3 of water vapour

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7
Q

Formulas for calculating heat loss during humidifying dry air or warming cold air?

A

See image attached

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8
Q

What is more relevant in the respiratory tract; Heat loss or drying of airway?

A

Heat loss is minimal but drying of airway is more relevant

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9
Q

What are the mechanisms of heat loss during surgery ?

A

Radiation (40 - 60%)
Convection (25 - 30%)
Conduction (5%)
Evaporation (15 - 50%)
Respiration (5 - 10%)

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10
Q

Energy consumed by the patient’s airway for warming and humidifying cold, dry gases?

A

About 10 Watts

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11
Q

Mechanism of heat loss via Radiation?

A
  • Transfer of infrared radiation
  • No direct contact with the cold body
  • Proportional to the 4th power of temperature difference
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12
Q

Mechanism of heat loss via Convection?

A
  • Loss via air movement across an exposed surface
  • Warmed air is replaced with un-warmed air
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13
Q

Mechanism of heat loss via Conduction?

A
  • Direct transfer of energy to an adjacent body
  • Both bodies are in contact
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14
Q

Mechanism of heat loss via Evaporation?

A
  • Loss of heat via latent heat of vaporization
  • Liquid from body moves to vapor phase
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15
Q

Mechanism of heat loss via Respiration?

A
  • Heat loss by humidification (8%)
  • Heat loss by warming (2%)
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16
Q

Heat loss during surgery?

A
  • Phase 1 - 37 - 35.5 degrees
  • Phase 2 - 35 - 34 degrees
  • Phase 3 - 34 degrees
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17
Q

Phase 1 - 37 - 35.5 degrees - Properties?

A
  • Over a course of 1 hour
  • Loss of core - periphery temperature gradient
  • Redistribution of heat
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18
Q
  • Phase 2 - 35 - 34 degrees - Properties?
A
  • Over 2.5 hours
  • Actual heat loss from body
  • The slope may be altered by active or passive warming
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19
Q
  • Phase 3 - 34 degrees - Properties?
A
  • Thermo-regulatory mechanisms act
20
Q

CVS implications of hypothermia?

A
  • Arrhythmia
  • Direct myocardial depressant effect
  • Hypotension
  • Peripheral vasoconstriction
21
Q

Respiratory implications of hypothermia?

A
  • Hyperventilation
  • Respiratory alkalosis
  • Left shift of the OHDC
22
Q

Haematological implications of hypothermia?

A
  • Coagulopathy
23
Q

Renal implications of hypothermia?

A
  • Increased renal blood flow
  • Diuresis
24
Q

Neurological implications of hypothermia?

A
  • CNS depressant effect
25
Q

GI implications of hypothermia?

A
  • Impaired liver function
  • Pancreatitis
  • Ileus
26
Q

Metabolic implications of hypothermia?

A
  • Increased due to shivering
  • Decreased metabolic rate with further decrease in temperature
27
Q

What is the Bernoulli principle?

A

Decrease in pressure will lead to increase in flow velocity of a perfect fluid

28
Q

What is the venturi effect ?

A

Introduction of constriction to fluid with increase of velocity. Pressure of the fluid falls

29
Q

Define the law of conservation of energy ?

A

Energy cannot b created or destroyed but can only be changed from one form to another.

30
Q

What is the Coanda effect ?

A

This is the tendency of a stream of fluid flow in proximity to a convex surface, to follow the line of the surface rather than its original course

31
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid.

32
Q

What is Fick’s law of diffusion ?

A

The rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane is proportional to the membrane area and concentration gradient across the membrane and inversely proportional to its thickness.

33
Q

What is Boyle’s law (1st gas law)?

A

At constant temperature the volume of a fixed amount of perfect gas varies inversely with its pressure

PV=K

34
Q

What’s is Charles’ law (2nd gas law)?

A

At constant pressure the volume of a fixed amount of perfect gas varies in proportion to its absolute temperature

V/T =k

35
Q

What is Gay-Lussac’s law (3rd gas law)?

A

At constant volume the pressure of a fixed amount of perfect gas varies in proportion to its absolute temperature.

P/T =k

36
Q

What is the perfect gas ?

A
  • It obeys all three gas laws
  • infinitely small in size
  • Occupies no volume
  • No force of attraction
  • Hydrogen is the closest to a perfect gas
37
Q

What is Avogadro’s hypothesis?

A

Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules

38
Q

What is the universal gas equation?

A

PV=nRT

39
Q

Properties of Hagen-Poiseuille equation?

A
  • Flow is proportional to the 4th power of the radius.
  • Doubling radius is 2(4) - 16 fold increase in flow
40
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A
  • Fluid flow is unpredictable
  • Multiple eddy currents
  • Not parallel to side of tube
41
Q

Calculation of Reynold’s number ?

A

Re=pvd/n

P = Density of fluid
V = Velocity of fluid
d = Diameter of tube
n = Viscosity of fluid

< 2000 laminar
> 2000 turbulent

42
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible

43
Q

What is the clinical application of surface tension?

A
  • Surface tension decrease the size of alveoli. Alveolar collapse following expiration
44
Q

whats cells produce surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocytes

45
Q

Whats is the chemical name of surfactant?

A

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)

46
Q

Whats is the function of surfactant?

A

Decreases the pressure applied to the alveoli thus decreasing surface tension

47
Q

what is the LaPlace law for surface tension?

A

P = 4T/r
Pressure, Tension and radius

EDAIC PART II (15 decks)

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