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Block 2 Exam 2 > Clinical Manifestations/complications > Flashcards

Clinical Manifestations/complications Flashcards

1
Q

CKD

A

High Cr, anemia, uremic frost, fluid retention (edema, CHF, HTN), abnormal electrolytes (high Na, high K, high phosph)

Also: urine problems

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2
Q

4 phases AKI

A

Initiation
Oliguria
Diuresis
Recovery

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3
Q

AKI classifications with Cr and GFR values

A

Risk 1.5x cr / GFR down 25%
Injury 2x cr / GFR down 50%
Failure 3x cr / GFR down 75%
Loss = AKI > 4 weeks
ESKD > 3 months

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4
Q

5 phases CKD with GFR values

A

1: > 90
2: 60-89
3: 30-59
4: 15-29
5: <15

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5
Q

Kidney transplant rejection

A

Oliguria, fever
Edema, high BP, weight gain, swelling and tenderness

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6
Q

Arrhythmia complications

A

Cardiac arrest, HF, thromboembolic event (especially with a fib)

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7
Q

Sinus brady

A

Less than 60
Decreased CO leading to low BP, fatigue, dizzy, SOB, syncope, confusion

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8
Q

Sinus tachycardia

A

100-150
Decreased CO
HA

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9
Q

A fib

A

Atrial flutter that is disorganized
Atrial rate of 300 (with ventricular 100-200)
Loss of atrial kick
Low BP
Clot

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10
Q

CAD

A

Ischemia from plaque buildup
Angina
HF
MI
Epigastric, radiating pain, SOB, atypical symptoms with women (indigestion, nausea, palpitations, numbness, sweating, fatigue)

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11
Q

Angina

A

Central chest pain - tight, choke, heavy, may radiate
Anxiety, dyspnea, SOB, dizzy, NV, diaphoresis, doom

Older: decreased pain, increased weakness

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12
Q

MI

A

Ischemia and necrosis, cell death
Chest pain
SOB, indigestion, nausea, anxiety, cool, pale, high HR and RR

ECG: inverted t, ST elevated, abnormal q

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13
Q

Complications of cardiac surgery

A

Decreased CO, fluid and lyte, impaired gas exchange, impaired cerebral perfusion

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14
Q

Mitral valve prolapse

A

Blood from ventricle to atrium
Mostly asymptomatic
Mitral click
No known cause

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15
Q

Mitral regurgitation

A

Flow back into L atrium
Fatigue, diaphoresis, DOE, edema
Acute: HF, PHTN, P edema
Murmer at apical

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16
Q

Mitral stenosis

A

Low flow from atria to ventricle leads to low CO
Pulmonary arterial pressure increases
R ventricle hypertophies
Murmur, DOE, fatigue, exercise intolerance
Hemoptysis, PND, orthopnea

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17
Q

Aortic regurgitation

A

Blood back flow to L ventricle from aorta during diastole
Murmur at L 3 and 4
DOE, fatigue, SOB, PND

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18
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Calcification
L ventricle hypertrophy
DOE, PND, P edema, syncope
Murmur, S4, palpable vibration

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19
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Low SV stimulates SNS and RAAS
Increased SVR (resistance), Na, fluid
Increased cardiac workload but decreased CO
Decreased EF (ejection fraction)

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20
Q

DCM

A

Elevated systolic and diastolic volume
Decreased EF
Diastolic murmur

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21
Q

HCM

A

Thick septum, small cavities, long time to relax after systole
Systolic murmur, ventricular arrhythmia, HF
Syncope

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22
Q

RCM

A

Rigid ventricular walls
Dilated atria
Poor stretching and filling
Dyspnea, cough

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23
Q

Infection of heart

A

Fever, fatigue
Murmur, friction rub, HF, tachycardia, palpitations , chest pain
Nodes and legions on hands and feet, cardiomegaly, splenomegaly
Dyspnea, syncope

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24
Q

Angina complications

A

ACS, MI, cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock
HF, arrhythmias

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25
Q

MI complications

A

acute pulmonary edema, HF, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmia and arrest, pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade

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26
Q

Cardiomyopathy complications

A

HF, arrhythmias, conduction defects, valve dysfunction
Embolism (pulmonary or cerebral)

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27
Q

Lower UTI

A

Pain and burn
Frequency
Nocturia
Incontinence
Hematuria

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28
Q

Lower UTI complications

A

Urosepsis
AKI
CKD

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29
Q

Acute pyelonephritis

A

Chills, fever, NV, HA, malaise
Leukocytosis, pyuria, dysuria

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30
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis complications

A

HTN
ESRD
Stones

31
Q

Urolithiasis

A

Bladder: like a UTI, hematuria, retention

Kidney: CVA pain, Hematuria and pyuria, flank pain, NV

Ureter: incredible radiating pain

32
Q

Bladder cancer

A

Painless hematuria
Frequency and urgency
Pelvic/back pain might be metastasis

33
Q

Cutaneous urinary diversion complications

A

Skin irritation
Stoma infection
Leakage
Reflux
Pyelonephritis

34
Q

BPH

A

Frequency and urgency
Nocturia
Hard to start
Weak stream
Post dribble
Can’t totally empty

35
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Obstruction
Hematuria and hematospermia
Painful ejaculation

Metastasis ss: hip and back pain, peri rectal pain, anemia, weight loss, weak, nausea, oliguria

36
Q

L HF

A

Pulmonary congestion, cough
S3, Tachycardia
DOE, SOB, orthopnea, PND
Low O2 sat, Fatigue

37
Q

R HF

A

Visceral and peripheral congestion
High CVP
JVD, edema, weight gain
Hepatomegaly and Ascites

38
Q

HF complications

A

Pulmonary edema
Hypotension, bad perfusion, cardiogenic shock
Arrhythmias
Thromboembolism
Pericardial effusion

39
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Hypoxemia, tachypnea, dyspnea, low LOC, anxiety
Cool and clammy, cyanosis
Weak rapid pulse
Cough, lung congestion, frothy pink sputum

40
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

Low CO leads to bad perfusion then shock

41
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

Chest pain and fullness, pulsus paradoxus, engorged neck veins, low BP, SOB

42
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Sudden chest pain
Falling systolic BP
Narrowing pulse pressure
Rising venous pressure
Distant heart sounds

43
Q

PAD

A

Claudication (cramping pain and weak/fatigue occurring with exercise; relieved with rest)
Ischemic rest pain at night (distal extremity)
Ulcers may become gangrenous
Atrophy, skin changes, nail changes

44
Q

PAD post op complications

A

Bleeding
Hematoma

45
Q

Aneurysm

A

Sharp sudden pain = rupture
SOB, stridor, dysphagia
Tachycardia

46
Q

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

Abdominal throbbing, heartbeat, pulsatile abdominal mass, abdominal and back pain

47
Q

Raynaud’s

A

Vasoconstriction leading to color change, numb, tingle at hands and feet

48
Q

DVT

A

Swelling, painful, warm
Increased pain with ambulation

49
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Chest pain
Anxiety
Tachycardia
Syncope

May mimic HF or pneumonia

50
Q

Heart infection complications

A

Effusion and tamponade, cardiomyopathy and HF

51
Q

DM 1 and 2

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
Fatigue, weakness
Poor blood flow

52
Q

DM 1 unique CM

A

Sudden weight loss
NV and abdominal pain

53
Q

DM 2 unique CM

A

Vision
Tingle or numb
Dry skin
Slow heal wounds

54
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Vomiting
Excessive hunger and thirst
Rapid heartbeat
Vision problems
Fruity breath

55
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Hunger
Weakness
Shaking
Headache
Inability to concentrate
Slurred speech

56
Q

HHS

A

Polyuria
Profound dehydration
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Altered LOC and seizures due to cerebra dehydration

57
Q

DI

A

Large amounts of dilute urine
Extreme thirst (2-20 L cold water)

58
Q

SIADH

A

Fluid retention
Hyponatremia

59
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Lethargy and weakness
Numb and tingle
Impaired memory and concentration
Pallor and puffy face
Large tongue, loss of eyebrows and hair
Deep voice
Decreased sweat, cold intolerance
Slow pulse, cardiomegaly
Gastric atrophy, weight gain, increased appetite
Menorrhagia
Edema

Also: constipation, CAD, angina, and nail stuff
Also breathing issues
And myxedema coma complications

60
Q

Hypothyroidism complications with older patients

A

Angina and tachyarrhythmias with rapid treatment

61
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Nervous, tremors, insomnia
Heat intolerance, warm
Flushed, moist
Bulging eyes, fine hair, goiter
Increased appetite, weight loss
High systolic, dysrhythmia, rapid pulse

62
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Bone decalcification
Rena calculi
Apathy, fatigue, weak
NVC
HTN and dysrhythmia

63
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Tetany, numb, tingle, stiff
Spasm (broncho, laryngeal, carpopedal)
Anxiety, irritable, depressed, delirium
ECG change

Also: seizures if severe hypocalcemia

64
Q

Addison

A

Weak, fatigue
GI and anorexia
Dark pigmentation
Low BP, low glucose
Low sodium, high K
Apathy, confusion

Also: ortho hypo, fluid imbalance

65
Q

Addisonian crisis

A

Shock, hypotension, rapid weak pulse, rapid RR, pallor, extreme weakness

66
Q

Cushing

A

Hyperglycemia, obese, Buffalo hump, moon face, thin extremities
Lethargy, weak, fragile skin, bruising, acne
Slow heal, bad mood, low libido
Gals get masculine traits

67
Q

Myxedema coma

A

Hypothermic
Coma

Due to hypothyroid

68
Q

Macro vascular long term DM complications

A

CV: MI, CAD

Cerebral: ischemic attack, hemorrhage, memory

Peripheral: atherosclerosis, ulceration/gangrene

69
Q

Micro vascular long term DM complications

A

Retinopathy- macular thickening and aneurism

Neuropathy- peripheral, autonomic, hypoglycemic unawareness, sexual dysfunction

Nephropathy- decreased kidney filtration, pyelonephritis

70
Q

Eosinophilic pituitary tumor

A

Gigantism
Acromegaly

71
Q

Basophilic pituitary tumor

A

Cushing

72
Q

Hypothyroidism complications

A

Angina, arrhythmias, atherosclerosis, CAD, myxedema coma if severe

73
Q

Thyroid storm

A

Hyperthyroid emergency
High temp, high HR, altered LOC, extreme hyperthyroid ss

Block 2 Exam 2 (6 decks)

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