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Mechanism of Human Disease > Clinical Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Clinical Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

List human barriers to infection

A
  • skin and mucosa
  • secretory/excretory
    ==> lysozymes in tears
    ==> stomach acid
  • commensal flora
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2
Q

Describe mechanisms of bacteria-induced injury.

A
  1. bacterial virulence (adhesion, invasion, toxin)
  2. bacterial adherence
    ==> adhesins on bacterial surface bind to host molecules
    ==> entry into macrophages (via antibodies or complement)
    ==> entry into epithelial cells (surface markers, integrins)
  3. bacterial endotoxin
    ==> LPS on gram negative induces cytokine response leading to fever and T/B-cell activation
  4. bacterial exotoxin
    ==> diphtheria, cholera, anthrax
    ==> allows growth of bacteria
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3
Q

Identify microbial pathogens that exhibit significant antigenic variations.

A
  • rhinovirus
  • influenza
  • neissaria gonorrhea
  • borellia hemsii (relapsing fever)
  • borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)
  • trypanosoma brucei (african sleeping sickness)
  • giardia lamblia
  • plasmodium falciparum (severe malaria)
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4
Q

Describe 3 classes of helminths and give an example of each.

A

ROUNDWORMS: collagenous tegument, nonsegmented
- nematodes (hookworms)
FLATWORMS: gutless, ribbon-like, segmented
- cestodes (tapeworms)
FLUKES:
- trematodes (schistosomes)

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5
Q

Describe the following characteristics of viruses:

  • size
  • site of propagation
  • composition
  • sample species and diseases
  • general disease
A

SIZE: 20-30nm; smallest
SITE: obligate intracellular
SAMPLE
- poliovirus => polio
COMPOSITION
- composed of capsid/coat and nucleic acid core (DNA/RNA)
- rely on host genetic machinery for replication
GENERAL DISEASE
- cause acute (colds) or latent infections (shingles)

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6
Q

Describe the following characteristics of chlamydiae:

  • site of propagation
  • sample species and diseases
  • general diseases
A 
SIZE: 200-100nm
SITE: obligate intracellular
SAMPLE
-chlamydia trachomatis => trachoma
GENERAL DISEASE
- cause GU infections, conjunctivitis, respiratory infections and STDS
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7
Q

Describe the following characteristics of rickettsiae:

  • site of propagation
  • sample species and diseases
  • mode of transmission
  • general diseases
A 
SIZE: 300-1200 nm
SITE: obligate intracellular
SAMPLE
- rickettsia prowazekii => typhus fever
TRANSMISSION: insect vectors (ticks, lice, mites)
GENERAL DISEASES
- rocky mountain spotted fever
- erhlichiosis
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8
Q

List the 3 microorganisms that are obligate intracellulars.

A
  • viruses
  • chlamydiae
  • rickettsiae
  • some forms of protozoa (leishmania)
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9
Q

Describe the following characteristics of mycoplasmas:

  • site of propagation
  • sample species and diseases
  • general diseases
  • fun fact
A 
SITE: extracellular
SAMPLE
- mycoplasma pneumoniae => atypical pneumoniae
GENERAL DISEASE
- atypical pneumoniae
- nongonococcal urethritis
FUN FACT: tiniest free living organisms
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10
Q

Describe the following characteristics of bacteria, spirochetes, mycobacteria:

  • site of propagation
  • sample species and diseases
A 
CUTANEOUS
- staphylococcus epidermis => wound infection
MUCOSAL
- vibrio cholera => cholera
EXTRACELLULAR
- streptococcus pneumoniae => pneumonia
FACULTATIVE INTRACELLULAR
- mycobacterium tuberculosis => TB
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11
Q

Describe the following characteristics of fungi imperfecti:

  • site of propagation
  • sample species and diseases
  • growth patterns
  • general diseases
A 
CUTANEOUS
- trichophyton sp. => tinea pedia
MUCOSAL
- candida albicans => thrush
EXTRACELLULAR
- sporothrix schenckii => sporotrichosis
FACULTATIVE INTRACELLULAR
- histplasma capsulatum => histoplasmosis

GROWTH PATTERNS

  • budding yeast
  • hyphae => slender tubes/branches
  • conidia => fruiting bodies on the ends of hyphae

GENERAL DISEASE - typically infect superficial layers of skin

  • deep infections can spread
  • opportunistic infections that normally colonize body can cause disease in immunosuppressed
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12
Q

Describe the following characteristics of protozoa:

  • site of propagation
  • sample species and diseases
  • composition
  • modes of transmission
A 
MUCOSAL
- giardia lamblia => giardia
EXTRACELLULAR
- trypanosoma gambiense => sleeping sickness
FACULTATIVE INTRACELLULAR
- trypanosoma cruzi => chagas disease
OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR
- leishmania donovani => kala-azar

COMPOSITION

  • parasitic
  • motility, pliable plasma membrane
  • complex cytoplasmic organelles

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

  • sexual (trichomonas)
  • fecal oral (giardia)
  • insect vectors (leishmania)
  • infected cats/undercooked meats (toxoplasma)
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13
Q

Describe the following characteristics of helminths:

  • site of propagation
  • sample species and diseases
  • reproduction
  • general disease
A 
MUCOSAL
- enterobius vermicularis => oxyuriasis
EXTRACELLULAR
- wuchereria bancrofti => filariasis
INTRACELLULAR
- trichinella spiralis => trichinosis

REPRO: most are dependent on host or vector for asexual reproduction

GENERAL DZ: caused by eosinophilic inflammatory response in proportion to number of infecting organisms

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14
Q

List microorganisms that can be facultative intracellular.

A

protozoa
fungi
bacteria

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15
Q

List microorganisms that can be extracellular.

A 
bacteria
fungi
bacteria
mycoplasmas
protozoa
helminths
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16
Q

List microorganisms in order of size.

A 
virus
chlamydiae
rickettsiae
mycoplasma
bacteria, spirochetes, mycobacteria
fungi
protozoa
helminths
17
Q

List microorganisms that propagate in mucosal.

A

bacteria
fungi
protozoa helminths

18
Q

List microorganisms that propagate in cutaneous.

A

fungi

bacteria

19
Q

Describe the following characteristics of prions:

  • composed of?
  • pathogenesis
  • associated diseases.
A
  • composed of modified host prions (acellular)
  • causes transmissible spongiform encephalitis
  • diseases: mad cow, kuru, Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD)
20
Q

Define bacteriophage. What are some associated diseases?

A
  • virus that has infected bacteria; becomes part of the bacterial genome
  • can input adhesins, toxins, enzymes to confer antibiotic resistance
  • diseases: cholera is due to toxin genes of bacteriophage
21
Q

Describe bacteria. Distinguish gram negative and gram positive bacteria.

A
  • prokaryotes that lack ER and nuclei
  • rely on host for favorable replicative conditions
  • can grow extra- and intra-cellularly
  • gram negative: rigid cell walls with inner and outer phospholipid membranes
  • gram positive: single inner membrane with rigid cell wall
22
Q

Characterize chlamydiae, rickettsiae, and mycoplasmas.

A
  • obligate intracellular
  • divide by binary fission
  • susceptible to antibiotics, but lack certain cell structures
    => ex: mycoplasmas lack cell wall (peptidoglycan)
23
Q

Describe ectoparasites.

A
  • arthropods (ticks, lice, bedbugs, fleas)
  • attach and live on skin
  • vectors for other pathogens (ex: lyme disease)
24
Q

List modes of transmission.

A
  • contact
  • aerosol
  • saliva
  • sexual transmission
  • open airway
  • fecal oral
  • water borne
  • insects to skin
  • skin => insects => skin
  • zoonotic (reservoir host)
  • placental fetal
25
Q

Describe mechanisms of immune evasion by microorganisms.

A
  • inaccessible (intracellular)
  • resistant to complement and phagocytosis
  • varying or shedding antigens
  • immunosuppression
26
Q

List the 5 types of inflammatory response to infection and an example of a microorganism that causes each.

A
  1. suppurative (PMN) ex: pneumococcal pneumonia
  2. mononuclear (granulomatous) ex: syphilis chancres
  3. cytopathic/cytoproliferative inflammation ex: HPV, herpesvirus, measles, CMV
  4. necrotizing inflammation (group A streptococcus)
  5. chronic inflammation and scarring (schistosome eggs)
27
Q

Describe suppurative inflammation.

A
  • caused by pyogenic bacteria
  • increased vascular permeability, neutrophil infiltration
  • neutrophil recruitment via:
    => directly by release of chemoattractants
    => indirectly by endotoxin that stimulates macrophages to release cytokines
28
Q

Describe mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation.

A
  • diffuse, mononuclear infiltration

- includes lymphocytes and macrophages depending on pathogen

29
Q

Describe cytopathic/cytoproliferative inflammation.

A
  • virus-mediated damage to host cells in the absence of host inflammatory response
    characteristics:
  • inclusion bodies (CMV)
  • polykaryons following cell fusion (measles)
  • blisters (herpesvirus)
  • lesions (HPV)
  • dysplasia/cancer
30
Q

Describe necrotizing inflammation.

A
  • rapid, severe tissue damage
  • cell death
  • due to uncontrolled viral infections, bacterial toxins, or protozoa-mediated cytolysis of host cells
  • ex: necrotizing fasciitis by group A streptococcus
31
Q

Describe chronic inflammation and scarring.

A

due to inert organisms

- schistosome eggs

Mechanism of Human Disease (18 decks)

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