Clinical imunology and immunohaematology Flashcards
What are the two immune system and what do they do?
Innate- non-specific first line of
defence.
Adaptive- specialised and specific
response to an individual
invader
What is the defence in innate IS?
Innate- against foreigen body and pathogens= protect on outside the skin, insisde the mucous membranes and first attack
What is the defence in adaptive IS?
Against specific pathogens or body cells = defense cells in blood B lymph, antibodies and defense cells in tissue T lymph
(B and T cells)
What are part of the innate IS?
Skin- Physical barrier against incoming
infectious organisms.
- Mucosal membranes-
mouth, nose, anus, vagina and penis. - Epithelial cells secrete mucus –physically trap organisms.
- Cilia
- pH- regulating
- Body temperature- e.g fevers to kill substances/ invaders
What are the innate cells?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells,monocytes/macrophages,myeloblast and meg
What this the role of innate cells
The cells leave the bone marrow and go intop circulation, some of the macrophages go leave the blood and go into th tissues
What is PAMPs and DAMPs in innate is?
Pathogens have PAMPs which are recognised by PRPs on innate is cells which attack the cells to become inflammatory
DAMPS- come from human tissue and cells - bacteria enters can causes damage to tissue which cause DAMPs to be released, the cells of the innate system recognise and activate inflammatory response
What is the overview of the PAMPs and DAMPs process
- TLR4 in PAMPs binds to LPS so LPS is exposed
-Ending in activation of the cell indicating proinflammatory and microbial cycle responses
What is the process of the Innate IS?
- Small cut = exposure to bacteria so bacteria enters
- Bacteria(Gram -) and have LPS which is detected by dendritic cells and macrophages
- The Dendritic and macrophage will express their TLR4 to block the bacteria
- The activation starts and the bacteria is engulfed by phagocytosis
- Cytokines and chemokine(tif and il8) are released by den and macro to tell other cells about the invasion
6.They call Neutrophils in the blood are removed and join the den and macro to attack the bacteria with ROS and phagocytosis.
- Neutrophils die and release cytokines and chemokines to bring M1 macrophage from the blood and join in the attack and engulf by phagocytosis
What is the resolution of the Innate system
- M1 macrophage relase pro-inflammatory cytokines ad chemokines
- If infection is over M1 is converted to M2 macrophafes that release anti-inflammatory cytokines and stop attack and damage to the body
- If infection is not done the M1 has some of the bacteria which will migrate to secondary lymphoid organs and activate adaptive IS
What is the Adaptive Immune system?
- Once in the 2nd lymphoid organs
- The lymph has Den, macro , neutrophil and M1 macro have the bacterial pepide on MHC complexes
- B and T cells stop, CD4 T cells in MHC class 2 if macro has killed bacteria
- If macro doesnt kill the bacteria and is infected by it to goes to CD8 t/ nk cell in MHC class 1
- The CD8 T cells and NK cells will then destory all cells recognised by the same antigen
What happens in CD4 T cells ?
CD4 T cells in MHC class 1 move to geminal centre
What are the IG class and where they can be found?
IgG- protect against bacterial and viral infection
IgE- allergic
reactions/responses
IgA- in mucosal( mouth and nose- found when blowing nose)
IgD- blood and mucosal serection ( Saliva, tears and mucus)
