Clinical Gait Analysis Flashcards
Clinical Gait Analysis combines? To? Is used in conjunction with? Can be used to?
- Combines several forms of analysis to evaluate gait pathology and establish intervention plans.
- Is used in conjunction with clinical assessment when establishing treatment plans
- Can be used to evaluate outcome of intervention
Most Gait Analysis Studies include? (5)
- Observational analysis
- Temporal-Spatial Analysis
- Kinematic analysis
- Kinetic Analysis
- Electromyographic analysis
Temporal-Spatial Analysis Measures? Can be obtained with? (3)
- the timing and linear measurements of gait
- foot switches,
- some motion systems,
- gait mats such as the GAITRite
Kinematic analysis is study of? Kinetic anaylsis? Electromyographic analysis?
- Study of motion, needs 2-D or 3-D motion analysis systems
- Study of the forces, needs a force plate
- Dynamic EMG performed during gait, Needs EMG unit
Movement / Kinematic Descriptors - Position = ? Motion? It occurs in? We cannot determine what? Displacement refers to?
- Position: Location of an object in space
- Motion: Change in position
- Motion: Occurs in Space and Time.
- We cannot determine if an object has moved unless we compare its position at one point in time to another.
- Displacement: Refers to the spatial element of motion, the change in location.
Linear motion refers to? (2) Angular motion? (2) When motion occurs in more than one plane it is referred to as? In human motion the body segments undergo? (2)
- Linear motion refers to the equivalent displacement in space of all parts of the object.
>> Translation
- Angular motion refers to the non-equivalent displacement or rotation of part of the object
>> Rotation
- When motion occurs in more than one plane it is referred to as general motion or 3-Dimensional Motion
- Human motion which is 3-dimensional the body segments undergo both linear and angular motion
How are the kinematics of gait most often plotted? What else is frequently used?
- Motion (ROM on Y axis) is most often plotted against time (on the x axis) with the events of the gait cycle known to occur at specific times or percentages
- Frequently angle-angle curves are also frequently used with one joint or segment plotted against the other.
Why is an angle-angle diagram used?
At times however because human movement is based on the rotation of body segments in relation to one another an Angle-Angle diagram is used
What does this show?
Sag plane pelvic tilt
What does this show?
Frontal plane pelvic obliquity
What does this show?
Transverse plane pelvic rotation
What does this show?
Sag plane hip flx/ext
What does this show?
Frontal plane hip ab/add
What does this show?
Transverse plane hip rotation
What does this show?
Sagittal Plane motion of knee flx/ext
What does this show?
Frontal plane knee ab/add
What does this show?
Transverse plane knee rotation
What does this show?
Sagital plane motion of ankle DF/PF
What does this show?
Transverse plane foot progress angles
Kinetics: Refers to the description of ? Tool?
- motion including the causes of motion, usually described in terms of various forces such as gravity, ground reaction force and joint moments and powers
- Force plates
Joint Moments: represents? Quantifies the? Typically indicates? A moment is produced when?
- the body’s response to an external load,
- quantifies the net moment of all muscles crossing a joint
- typically indicates which muscle group is dominant, expressed as flexor or extensor
- A moment is produced when a force acts at a distance away from some reference point (joint center)
Joint power is? Quantifies? Relates to? Joint power = ?
- the work performed per unit of time,
- quantifies the net rate of generating or absorbing energy by all muscles crossing a joint,
- relates to the type of contraction (concentric versus eccentric)
- Joint Power = Joint moment X Joint Angular Velocity
What does this show?
Joint Moment and Power of hip flx/ext
What does this show?
Joint Moment and Power of hip abd/add
What does this show?
Joint Moment and Power of hip rotation
What does this show?
Joint Moment and Power of hip
What does this show?
Joint Moment and Power of knee flx/ext
What does this show?
Joint Moment and Power of knee valg/var
What does this show?
Joint Moment and Power of knee rotation
What does this show?
Joint Moment and Power of knee power
What does this show?
Joint Moment and Power of DF/PF
What does this show?
Joint Moment and Power of ankle power
What does this show?
- ankle DF/PF kinematic graph
- ankle DF/Pf moment graph
Components of Motion Analysis - Electromyography (EMG) for evaluation of? Kinesiological EMG Represents?
- muscle activity
- Represents the voltage potentials detected by surface or indwelling wire electrodes, provides information about the timing, pattern and intensity of muscle contraction during motion
Muscle activity is often observed and measured to to identify? Measured via? What’s measured? (4) What other forces are commonly measured? (3)
- Muscle activity is often observed and measured to to identify the cause of motion.
- Muscle activity is measured via EMG or electromyography
- At times movement will be described in terms of muscle groups as compared to individual muscles
- Timing, pattern, intensity and co-activation are often measured with EMG
- In addition muscle activity other forces are commonly measured such as, gravity and/or ground reaction forces, tensile properties of muscle and tendon
Dynamic Electromyography - Must be referenced to the? By? To measure intensity or strength must further?
- foot switches, gait mats or kinematics
- must further process the raw signal by rectifying and enveloping signal and taking the area under the curve
What does this show?
Ankle Dorsiflexion Plantar Flexion Kinematic Graph
What does this show?
Enveloped graph of Gastrocnemius EMG showing greater activity at push off
What does this show?
Enveloped graph of Anterior Tibialis EMG showing greater activity during swing
What’s used for Analysis of Energy Expenditure? What’s determined from them?
- Oxygen consumption systems are used to analyze pulmonary gas exchange
- from which is determined the oxygen cost / energy expenditure of movement (walking)
What are used for Foot step analysis? What for? (3) Types? (3)
- Pressure mats and in shoe pressure measurement systems are used to
–Temporal – Spatial aspects of gait
–Determine pressure borne on areas of the foot
–Progression of weight transfer on the foot during stance
- GAITRite, Pedobarograph, F-scan
Temporal and Spatial Measures? (8)
- Cycle time
- Cadence
- Velocity
- Stride Length
- Step Length
- Width of Base of Support
- Angle of Toe out / Toe in
- “Rhythmicity”
What does this show?
- Increased anterior pelvic tilt with increased pelvic motion
- Decreased hip extension R > L
- Increased knee flexion on initial contact 32o R 34o L
- Decreased peak of knee flexion in swing L > R
- Increased dorsiflexion in stance but push off present R > L
- Increased hip adduction in stance
- Increased internal foot progression angle R > L
- Double bump pattern at ankle moment curve R > L
- Increased knee extensor moment in early stance (loading)
- Exaggerated power curves at hip, knee and ankle
What does this show?
- Rectus Femoris : Near constant firing, large burst in early swing on right
- Right Medial Hamstring: Phasic activity but extra burst in pre-swing
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