Clinical features of COPD Flashcards

1
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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2
Q

What is COPD characterised by?

A

Chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible.

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3
Q

What is included in the diagnosis of COPD?

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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4
Q

What is COPD usually caused by?

A

Significant exposure to noxious particles or gases

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5
Q

What is the aetiology of COPD?

A

Smoking pollutants host factors

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6
Q

What is the pathobiology of COPD?

A

Impaired lung growth

Accelerated decline

Lung injury

Lung and systemic inflammation

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7
Q

What is the pathology of COPD?

A

Small airway disorders of abnormalities

Emphysema systemic effects

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8
Q

What is pathobiology?

A

Branch of biology that deals with pathology with a greater emphasis on the biological than the medical aspects

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9
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of COPD?

A

Symptoms

Exacerbations

Comorbidities

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10
Q

What are comorbidities?

A

Presence of one or more additional diseases co-occuring with a primary disease.

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11
Q

What is the presence of one or more additional disease co-occurring with a primary disease called?

A

Comorbidities

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12
Q

What is the primary cause of COPD?

A

Tobacco smoke

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13
Q

What predisposes COPD?

A

Increasing age and female sex

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14
Q

What can factors that affect lung growth during gestation and childhood affect?

A

Future risk of COPD

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15
Q

What deficiency is linked to early onset COPD?

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

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16
Q

What is the prevalence of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency?

A

Rare inherited disease

17
Q

What is an early onset of COPD considered as?

A

Younger than 45 years old

18
Q

What is alpha-1-antitrypsin?

A

Protease inhibitor made in the liver which limits damage caused by activating neutrophils releasing elastase in response to infection/cigarette smoke.

19
Q

What does absent or low alpha-1-antitrypsin lead to?

A

Alveolar damage and emphysema

20
Q

What are some common alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes?

A

PiMM

PiMS

PiSS

PiMZ

PiZZ

21
Q

What serum levels is PiMM?

22
Q

What serum levels is PiMS?

23
Q

What serum levels is PiSS?

24
Q

What serum levels is PiMZ?

25
What serum levels in PiZZ?
10-15%
26
What does A1AT stand for?
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
27
What does A1AT lead to?
Liver fibrosis Cirrhosis
28
What is cirrhosis?
Condition where the liver does not function properly due to long term damage
29
What do smokers have compared to non-smokers?
More respiratory symptoms Lung function abnormalities Greater annual decline of FEV1 Greater COPD mortality rate
30
What % of smokers develop COPD in their lifetime?
< 50%