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Respiratory Block > Clinical features of COPD > Flashcards

Clinical features of COPD Flashcards

1
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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2
Q

What is COPD characterised by?

A

Chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible.

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3
Q

What is included in the diagnosis of COPD?

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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4
Q

What is COPD usually caused by?

A

Significant exposure to noxious particles or gases

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5
Q

What is the aetiology of COPD?

A

Smoking pollutants host factors

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6
Q

What is the pathobiology of COPD?

A

Impaired lung growth

Accelerated decline

Lung injury

Lung and systemic inflammation

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7
Q

What is the pathology of COPD?

A

Small airway disorders of abnormalities

Emphysema systemic effects

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8
Q

What is pathobiology?

A

Branch of biology that deals with pathology with a greater emphasis on the biological than the medical aspects

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9
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of COPD?

A

Symptoms

Exacerbations

Comorbidities

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10
Q

What are comorbidities?

A

Presence of one or more additional diseases co-occuring with a primary disease.

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11
Q

What is the presence of one or more additional disease co-occurring with a primary disease called?

A

Comorbidities

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12
Q

What is the primary cause of COPD?

A

Tobacco smoke

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13
Q

What predisposes COPD?

A

Increasing age and female sex

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14
Q

What can factors that affect lung growth during gestation and childhood affect?

A

Future risk of COPD

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15
Q

What deficiency is linked to early onset COPD?

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

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16
Q

What is the prevalence of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency?

A

Rare inherited disease

17
Q

What is an early onset of COPD considered as?

A

Younger than 45 years old

18
Q

What is alpha-1-antitrypsin?

A

Protease inhibitor made in the liver which limits damage caused by activating neutrophils releasing elastase in response to infection/cigarette smoke.

19
Q

What does absent or low alpha-1-antitrypsin lead to?

A

Alveolar damage and emphysema

20
Q

What are some common alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes?

A

PiMM

PiMS

PiSS

PiMZ

PiZZ

21
Q

What serum levels is PiMM?

A

100%

22
Q

What serum levels is PiMS?

A

80%

23
Q

What serum levels is PiSS?

A

60%

24
Q

What serum levels is PiMZ?

A

40%

25
Q

What serum levels in PiZZ?

A

10-15%

26
Q

What does A1AT stand for?

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin

27
Q

What does A1AT lead to?

A

Liver fibrosis

Cirrhosis

28
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Condition where the liver does not function properly due to long term damage

29
Q

What do smokers have compared to non-smokers?

A

More respiratory symptoms

Lung function abnormalities

Greater annual decline of FEV1

Greater COPD mortality rate

30
Q

What % of smokers develop COPD in their lifetime?

A

< 50%

Respiratory Block (14 decks)

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