Clinical features of COPD Flashcards
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What is COPD characterised by?
Chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible.
What is included in the diagnosis of COPD?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
What is COPD usually caused by?
Significant exposure to noxious particles or gases
What is the aetiology of COPD?
Smoking pollutants host factors
What is the pathobiology of COPD?
Impaired lung growth
Accelerated decline
Lung injury
Lung and systemic inflammation
What is the pathology of COPD?
Small airway disorders of abnormalities
Emphysema systemic effects
What is pathobiology?
Branch of biology that deals with pathology with a greater emphasis on the biological than the medical aspects
What are the clinical manifestations of COPD?
Symptoms
Exacerbations
Comorbidities
What are comorbidities?
Presence of one or more additional diseases co-occuring with a primary disease.
What is the presence of one or more additional disease co-occurring with a primary disease called?
Comorbidities
What is the primary cause of COPD?
Tobacco smoke
What predisposes COPD?
Increasing age and female sex
What can factors that affect lung growth during gestation and childhood affect?
Future risk of COPD
What deficiency is linked to early onset COPD?
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
What is the prevalence of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency?
Rare inherited disease
What is an early onset of COPD considered as?
Younger than 45 years old
What is alpha-1-antitrypsin?
Protease inhibitor made in the liver which limits damage caused by activating neutrophils releasing elastase in response to infection/cigarette smoke.
What does absent or low alpha-1-antitrypsin lead to?
Alveolar damage and emphysema
What are some common alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes?
PiMM
PiMS
PiSS
PiMZ
PiZZ
What serum levels is PiMM?
100%
What serum levels is PiMS?
80%
What serum levels is PiSS?
60%
What serum levels is PiMZ?
40%
What serum levels in PiZZ?
10-15%
What does A1AT stand for?
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
What does A1AT lead to?
Liver fibrosis
Cirrhosis
What is cirrhosis?
Condition where the liver does not function properly due to long term damage
What do smokers have compared to non-smokers?
More respiratory symptoms
Lung function abnormalities
Greater annual decline of FEV1
Greater COPD mortality rate
What % of smokers develop COPD in their lifetime?
< 50%
