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EQUINE MED - MBTC > Clinical Exam > Flashcards

Clinical Exam Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: horses have highly developed soft and hard palate

A

T

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2
Q

BOAS

A

brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome

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3
Q

abnormal breathing pattern

A

coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, lost or increased chest resonance, vocal changes

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4
Q

what does nostril flaring mean?

A

increased breathing effort

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5
Q

most common checked LN

A

submandibular LN

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6
Q

how many ribs?

A

18

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7
Q

sound generated in large airways

A

bronchial

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8
Q

sound generated in large airways but heard peripherally

A

vesicular

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9
Q

lung sounds are louder coz they are carried more efficiently

A

consolidated areas

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10
Q

lung sounds are quieter, but heart sounds louder

A

pleural effusion

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11
Q

both lung and heart sounds are quieter

A

pneumothorax

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12
Q

extra-thoracic or large airway obstruction

A

increased inspiratory sounds

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13
Q

lower airway obstruction

A

increased expiratory sounds

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14
Q

1st sign observed when the horses are trained intensively

A

exercise intolerance

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15
Q

predisposed breed

A

Thoroughbred and racing horses

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16
Q

most used diagnostic procedure during clinical exam (respi system)

A

endoscopy

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17
Q

prevent food going into airway

A

epiglottis

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18
Q

arytenoid mm don’t abduct properly; instead of opening, it folds in

A

LLH or left laryngeal hemiplegia or RLN recurrent laryngeal neuropathy or laryngeal paralysis or roaring

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19
Q

laryngeal grade where there is full abduction of arytenoid cartilages during inspiration

A

A

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20
Q

laryngeal grade where there is partial abduction of arytenoid cartilages

A

B

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21
Q

laryngeal grade where abduction held at resting position

A

C

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22
Q

laryngeal grade where there is collapse into contralateral half of rima glottidis during inspiration

A

D

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23
Q

LLH tx

A
  1. laryngoplasty - easiest and most common; tie-back; grade 3 or 4 only
  2. ventriculocordectomy - Hobday; removal of laryngeal ventricle and vocal cord
  3. nerve implantation
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24
Q

loose aryepiglottic folds and mucosa displace dorsally; “wrapping” over the epiglottis

A

EE or epiglottic entrapment - common in Thoroughbreds and racehorses

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25
Q

surgical tx (best) for EE

A

laryngotomy
bistoury transection

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26
Q

there is a gurgling noise causing airway obstruction; silent displacers

A

DDSP or dorsal displacement of soft palate - racehorses are predisposed

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27
Q

surgical transection (best) tx for DDSP

A

staphylectomy

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28
Q

surgical repositioning of larynx

A

laryngeal tie-forward

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29
Q

conservative tx for racehorses w/ DDSP and sometimes for EE and LLH

A

tongue tie

30
Q

test where horses run on treadmill while breathers are attached and measured

A

pulmonary function test

31
Q

measure how air goes in and out and around lungs, bronchi, trachea

A

FOM or forced oscillatory mechanics

32
Q

measure amount of air going in and out

A

open plethysmography

33
Q

getting arterial blood sample (temporal artery)

A

ancillary diagnostic test

34
Q

T/F: young horses are easier to get sick

A

T

35
Q

gold standard for checking upper respiratory issues, EE, LLH, DDSP

A

endoscopy

36
Q

aggressive form of common cold that has high morbidity but low mortality

A

Strangles

37
Q

pathogen of strangles

A

Streptococcus equi ss. equi

38
Q

severe case of strangles where the lesions spread across the body

A

bastard strangles

39
Q

T/F: antibiotics are the 1st choice of tx for strangles

A

F - supportive therapy

40
Q

viral dx: influenza A & B; high Mb, low MT; prefer __________ cells

A

equine influenza; lung cells

41
Q

guttural pouch infxn = lower or upper respiratory system

A

upper (more common)

42
Q

T/F: mycosis is harder to treat than empyema

A

T

43
Q

anti-mycotics

A

ketoconazole
itraconazole (taxing on liver so not used for long term)

44
Q

slits of GP ostia is made up of

A

fibrocartilage

45
Q

equine form of asthma affecting lower respi tract

A

heaves (higher in older horse)

46
Q

T/F: heaves are more prevalent in temperate than in tropics

A

T

47
Q

SEA/EAS

A

severe equine asthma or equine asthma syndrome

48
Q

RAO

A

recurrent airway syndrome

49
Q

old name

A

broken wind

50
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary dx

51
Q

other name

A

chronic bronchitis

52
Q

Western name

A

summer pasture associated obstructive pulmonary disorder

53
Q

inefficient gas exchange can lead to

A

hypoxemia

54
Q

bronchial patterns:

A

thin arrows (early)
thickening of branches (long term)
interstitial (worst)

55
Q

corticosteroids for heaves to control inflam

A

dexa, prednisolone, beclomethasone propionate, fluticasone propionate

56
Q

bronchodilators to decrease airway obstruction

A

clenbuterol
ipratropium bromide
albuterol (salbutamol) - most common

57
Q

blood in the airways during exercise (intense); shortens racing careers

A

EIPH or exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage - common in racehorses

58
Q

EIPH patho

A

high pulmonary venous pressure and pulmonary vein wall remodeling

59
Q

T/F: upper respiratory tract bleeding is less dangerous than lower respiratory tract bleeding

A

T - lower respi bleeding is more dangerous

60
Q

grade for flecks or narrow streams

A

G1

61
Q

grade for long streams <1/3 circulation

A

G2

62
Q

grade for multiple streams >1/3 circulation; w/out pooling

A

G3

63
Q

grade for multiple streams >90% tracheal surface; streams coalesce then form one big stream

A

G4

64
Q

test that checks the efficiency of lung lobes if they are predisposed to EIPH

A

pulmonary function testing

65
Q

check contents of exudate missed by endoscope

A

bronchoalveolar lavage

66
Q

tx for EIPH

A
  1. tranex - ongoing
  2. furosemide - given pre-race
67
Q

equine antibiotics

A

erythromycin
clindamycin
sulphonamides
trimethoprim
tetracycline
chloramphenicol

68
Q

equine bactericidal

A
  1. vancomycin
  2. penicillin (procaine or benzyl pneicillin) - most common; strepto, flu, respi dx
  3. fluoroquinolones (ceftiofur) - 3rd gen; needs allergy test
  4. cephalosporins
  5. carbapenems
  6. metronidazole - GIT infxn
69
Q

broad spec; don’t give IV coz fatal; ARF; anaerobic coverage

A

doxy

70
Q

avoid giving IM coz it can burn muscles; synergistic w/ aminoglycosides and B-lactams so don’t give

A

enrofloxacin

71
Q

eye drops, mild topical skin infxn; don’t give large doses coz nephrotoxic

A

aminoglycosides

EQUINE MED - MBTC (3 decks)

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