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Reproduction System > Clinical Diseases > Flashcards

Clinical Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is creamy white vulvar discharge indicative of?

A

Vaginitis
Early metoestrus
Open pyometra

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2
Q

What is bloody vulval discharge indicative of? Name as many as you can

A 
Proestrus
Estrus
Persistent ovarian follicle
Ovarian tumor
Vaginal trauma
Vaginal FB
Cystitis
Urethral neoplasia
Coagulopathy
Placental separation
Sub involution
Vascular malformation
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3
Q

What does normal vaginal discharge look like?

A

Clear and mucous

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4
Q

Green/ black vulvar discharge is indicative of what?

A

Normal parturition

Dystocia

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5
Q

Yellow vulvar discharge indicates what?

A

Incontinence

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6
Q

What should be done to treat juvenile vaginitis?

A

Nothing usually self resolves with first season, no antibiotics.

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7
Q

Define what Pyometra is and why it is considered life threatening

A

The uterus fills with pus and causes systemic illness, sepsis, death.

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8
Q

What is the difference between an open and closed pyometra and why is one more dangerous than the other?

A

Open means that the cervix is open and some of discharge can be seen and the uterus is not as enlarged as a result

Closed means that the cervix is closed and no discharge can be seen but he uterus will be enlarged and the animal will be systemically ill.

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9
Q

Why should separation should not be forced between mating dogs?

A

Can cause vagina trauma that can lead to life threatening bleeding

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10
Q

When evaluating a vulvar mass what are 3 key points of information

A

Age, and neutered status

Stage of reproductive cycle/ pregnant?

Size, shape, consistence and location of mass

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11
Q

What is the most common tumor in the bitch? And how is it treated

A

Smooth muscle tumors of the vagina. Surgical excision and OVH

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12
Q

How does vaginal edema and prolapse occur? What breeds are pre disposed to this

A

Excessive response of vaginal mucosa to estrogen during follicular phase of the estrus cycle. Brachycephalics

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13
Q

How do you treat and manage vaginal prolapse?

A

Keep tissue moist
Vulvar sutures
Surgical excision if tissue not viable
Neuter

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14
Q

What diagnostic tools can be used to evaluating ambiguous genitalia? And how is it treated?

A

Radiographs
Physical evaluation

Surgical removal with histopathology

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15
Q

What is Dystocia?

A

Disturbance during parturition when normal delivery of the fetus through the birth canal is interrupted

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16
Q

What signs should be a cause of concern during parturition in small animals?

A

Fetal fluids pass more the 2-3 hours but no birth
Vigorous unproductive straining for 20-30min
Greenish/ reddish brown vulvar discharge with no birth 2-4 hours
Weak irregularly straining for 2-4 hours
2-4 hours pass between births
Second stage labor last longer than 12 hours
Dam is sick

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17
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary uterine inertia?

A

Primary failure to respond to fetal signals

Secondary due to exhaustion of the myometrium

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18
Q

List the causes of primary uterine inertia. Name as many as you can

A 
Small litter
Very large litter
Systemic disease
Inherited predisposition
Nutritional imbalance
Obesity
Age
Failure of neuroendocrine regulation
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19
Q

List the treatments to dystocia that should be considered before c - section.

A 
Confirm no obstruction
Exercise the dam
Feathering roof of the vagina floor
Oxytocin
Treat hypocalcemia and glycemic if present
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20
Q

Vulvar stenosis, anovulvar cleft, rectovaginal fistula, and vestibulovaginal stricture/ band are all what?

A

Congenital vulvar abnormalities

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21
Q

What can cause vulvar recession?

A

Dermatitis and chronic inflammation

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22
Q

Hydrometra and mucometra are rare conditions and are usually secondary to what?

A

Congenital abnormality

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23
Q

At what age is the cut off for when a missing testicle should have appeared?

A

6 months of age

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24
Q

What are causes of different sized testicles?

A

Neoplasia, orchitis/ epidymitis, torsion

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25
Q

Scrotal testicle tumors are more likely to be ——— vs cryptochid testicles which are more likely to be ———-

A

Benign

Malignant

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26
Q

What two types of testicular tumors may be functional and what do they produce?

A

Leydig tumor- testosterone

Sertoli cell tumor- estrogen

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27
Q

What are the signs of Orchitis/ Epididymitis?

A 
Epididymal enlargement
Testicular pain
Tenseness and scrotal edema
Abscess vis scrotum
Systemic illness.

If chronic
Small firm testicles
Adhesion between tunic and scrotum

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28
Q

What are 3 diagnoses that present protruding penis as a clinical sign?

A

Paraphimosis- non erect penis protrudes and cant be retracted

Priapism- persistent erection
Trauma

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29
Q

In priapism what are the 2 category and which is an emergency?

A

Non-ischemic- entire penis partially rigid and non painful

Ischemic- painfully rigid shaft with a soft glans EMERGENCY!

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30
Q

What the possible treatments for paraphimosis?

A 
Symptomatic
Surgical enlargement of prepuce opening
Phallopexy
Prepuce lengthening 
Partial penis amputation
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31
Q

When should prepuce discharge be investigated?

A

Abnormal color, and severity/ amount
Originates from urethra
Skin abnormal

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32
Q

What is Dyschezia and what does it indicate in an male dog?

A

Difficulty defecating

Prostatic enlargement

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33
Q

What is the most common a prostatic disorder in entire male dogs? And how is it treated

A

Benign prostatic hypertrohpy, castration

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34
Q

List 3 lesion of the prostate and how they are treated?

A

Abscess/ inflammation-drain abscess, treat medically

Prostate cyst -castration, omentalisation, biopsy, medical if causing no harm but rare

Neoplasia- omentisation and castrations, biopsy ( tend to metastasize and be invasive)

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35
Q

Ovarian neoplasia is a relatively uncommon tumor in dogs and cats, who do they present if there and what are the types?

A

Present with a large mass +/- as cites

May be endocrinologically active, signs of proestrus

Types
Granulosa cell tumor, cystadenoma, adenocarcinoma, teratoma

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36
Q

Which reproductive diseases may present at systemic illness?

A

Closed pyometra

Uterine torsion

Uterine rupture

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37
Q

What are the portals of entry for pathogens to the uterus?

A

Ascending infection from the vagina

Hematogenous infection, during pregancy

Descending front he ovary, very rare

Transneural infection

38
Q

How does estrogen affect immunity in the nonpregnant female ?

A

During estrus there is better drainage through the open cervix

Up regulates t and b lymphocytes in ruminants

Increases disease resistance

39
Q

List at least 3 developmental anomalies/sexual ambiguity conditions of the reproductive system

A

True hermaphrodite

Pseudohermaphrodite

Chimerism (free Martin)

Tract anomaly

Ovarian anomaly

40
Q

What is a follicular cyst and how is it treated?

A

Failure of a mature follicle to ovulate

Caused by lack of LH peak, so treatment is LH injection

41
Q

What is the difference between luteal cysts and cystic corpus lutea?

A

Luteal cyst is thick walled, usually anestrous, cause by lack of LH peak

Cystic corpus lutea, normal ovulation, no infertility, ovulation papillae on outside of it

42
Q

What are the types of ovarian neoplasms?

A

Germ cell neoplasms

Gonadal stromatolites neoplasm

Epithelial neoplasm

Secondary tumors

43
Q

What does a transcolomic spread of a tumors refer to?

A

Metastasis bu contact and surface penetration

44
Q

This ovarian neoplasm is often bilateral and shaggy at the surface. Trasncolomic spread is possible, and may result in ascites

A

Epithelial neoplasms

45
Q

What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia and describe what its gross appearance looks like?

A

Hyperplasia and cystic distension of the endometrial glands with accumulations of secretion ( like a mucometra)

Bitches especially

46
Q

Which species will continue to cycle during a pyometra with seldom evidence of systemic disease?

A

The Mare

47
Q

Fibrosis of the uterus can result in increased levels of which hormone?

A

Progesterone

48
Q

What is an inflammation of only to uterine mucosa?

A

Endometritis

49
Q

Compare and contrast endometritis and metritis?

A

Endometritis: limited to uttering mucosa, mild cases are self limiting, inflammatory infiltrate, can occur post service.

Metritis: inflammation of all layers of uterine wall, more severe, potentially life threatening due to septicemia, dull congested se Rosa with paint brush hemorrhages, foul odor discharge, friable uterine wall

50
Q

What is leiomyoma?

A

Neoplasia of the smooth muscle of reproductive tract

Mostly in the bitch

51
Q

What is infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?

A

A viral disease in cattle causes by the bovine herpes virus. Prevented by use of AI

52
Q

What is contagious equine metritis? What what should be done if yo come across a case in practice

A

A highly contagious STI in horse that causes metritis. It is spread through equal reproductions and fomites. It is a notifiable a disease

53
Q

What is a Transmissible venereal tumor? How can it be treated?

A

A neoplastic tumor the transfers during coitus, xenotransplantation. Vincristine responsive

54
Q

In cows what are some types of neoplasia that affect the reproductive tract?

A

Carcinoma
Lymphosarcoma
Fibropapilloma BPV-1

55
Q

What is Dourine?

A

A sexually transmitted disease in horses caused by a Protozoa, that cause edematous lesions all over the skin and the vulva, vaginal mucosa, bladder, and mammary glands

56
Q

What are the two stages at which the cervix is open?

A

Estrus and parturition

57
Q

Uterine infections manifest itself more commonly under which hormone, and what can help to clear them?

A

Progesterone, reestablishment of luteolysis

58
Q

True or false: do all ovarian cysts interfere with regularly cycling

A

False: some do and some dont

59
Q

True or false: Malignant neoplasms can metastasize hematohenously, lymphatic-ally, and transcolomically

A

TRUE

60
Q

What is the main function of the scrotum, vaginal tunic, and spermatic cord?

A

Maintain Spermatogenesis at a lower temp than body temp via the counter current vascular system

61
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Maturation and concentration of spermatozoa

62
Q

What are the two main kinds of lesions of the scrotum?

A

Dermatological and neoplastic

63
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Thin layer of mesothelioma around testis continuous with the peritoneum

64
Q

What are some types of testicular diseases?

A

Developmental Anomalies
Degeneration
Inflammation
Neoplasia

65
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Testis are retained between the kidney and inguinal canal. Usually unilateral. They are often small and fibrotic

66
Q

What is testicular hypoplasia?

A

Congenital or pre- puberty. Can be due to nutrition, or Zinc deficiency, genetics or endocrine abnormalities. Small testis not noticed until after puberty

67
Q

What is testicular atrophy?

A

Occurs after puberty, testicular degeneration due to , scrotal temp increase, decrease testicular blood supply, vitamin a/ an deficiency, drug reactions, radiation damage, obstruction hyperestrogenism.

68
Q

What is Orchitis? And how does it occur?

A

Inflammation of the testis

Hematogenous, trauma, reflux orchitis

69
Q

What is the main cause of epididymitis?

A

Ascending infection from accessory sex glands and urogenital

70
Q

What is the notifiable cause of infectious epididymitis in a ram?

A

Brucellosis ovis hematogenous infection

71
Q

What are the three main type of testicular neoplasia?

A

Interstitial cell tumor/ leading cell tumor

Serotoli cell tumor

Germ cell tumor

Can be mixed in some case

72
Q

Describe the clinical signs of a leydig cell tumor/ interstitial cell tumor

A

Dogs over 8 years old

Single or multiple 1-2 cm spherical, and demarcated, gas orange and greasy.

No enlargement of testis

Polyhedral cells packed in a small group by fibrous stromatolites

Benign, some can cause aggression from hormone secretion

73
Q

Describe the clinical findings of sertoli?

A

Mostly dogs older the 6 years

Usually a firm lobulated discrete mass

Testicle enlarged

Sertoli cells multilayered with in tubules or invading interstitial tissue

Can secret estrogen

Cryptorchid increases risk

74
Q

Clinical signs of feminization in a dog?

A 
Estrogen or inhibin present
Female distribution of fat
Attractive to other Male dogs
Symmetrical alopecia/ thinning of skin
Atrophy of testis
Meta plasma of prostate gland
Behavioral changes
Anemia
75
Q

What are the clinical signs of Seminoma?

A

Derived from spermatogonia

Dogs older than 7

Usually unilateral

Swelling and pain

Sheets of polyhedral cells with a large nucleus, mitosis frequent

Locally invasive, metastasis rare

76
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

Usually in young horses. A tumor from a totipotential primordial germ cells. Mix of skin, bone teeth, glands ect.

77
Q

When does hyperplasia of the prostate occur and what are clinical signs?

A

Older entire male dogs 2-10 years, usually +6

Constipation and urinary stasis

Castration causes atrophy

78
Q

True or false: castration can prevent neoplasia of prostate

A

False

79
Q

What pathological change occurs during metaplasia of the prostate?

A

Glandular epithelium changes to squamous epithelium and predisposes it to inflammation

80
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma on the penis/ prepuce is most important in which species?

A

Horses

81
Q

Which type of neoplasia is common in dogs and 35 -50% are malignant, and 50% metastasize. And in cats it is less common but when it does occur it is 90% malignant and 80% metastasize

A

Mammary neoplasia

82
Q

What is the cause of mammary neoplasia?

A

Hormonal influences prevented by neutering

83
Q

What are the risk factors for mammary neoplasia in smalls animals?

A

Increasing age 9.5 years

Intact bitches and queens

Obesity in early life

Benign tumors can be a risk factor

84
Q

If a mass is found on the mammaries what else must be examined during the physical?

A

Palpate ALL glands

85
Q

What are the mammary tumor types?

A

Benign
Adenoma, mesenchymal tumor, mixed tumor

Malignant
Carcinoma, sarcoma, carcinosarcoma

86
Q

What is the treatment of choice for all mammary tumors?

A

Surgical removal, except in inflammatory carcinomas or metastasis

87
Q

What is the minimum recommendation for surgical treatment of mammary neoplasia in cats?

A

Unilateral mastectomy

88
Q

What are the different types of mastectomies?

A

Excisional biopsy

Simple mastectomy

Regional mastectomy

Unilateral mastectomy

Bilateral mastectomy

89
Q

What has a poorer prognosis in dogs:

Sarcoma vs carcinoma

A

Carcinoma

90
Q

What is average survival time in dogs in cats after a surgical treated mammary neoplasia?

A

Dogs: completely excises 1-2 years, unless its benign

Cats: less that a year if malignant

91
Q

True or false: mammary tumors are almost completely reduced by early neutering

A

True

92
Q

How do you stage a mammary tumor?

A

Stage 1: less the 3cm(t1)no regional(n0,n1) (LN) or distant metastasis (m0, m1)
Stage 2: 3-5cm( t2) in size n0 or m0
Stage 3: greater 5cm in size (t3), n0 or m0
Stage 4: any size, N1 regional metastasis ( LN), m0
Stage 5: t1-t3, n0 or n1, m1

Reproduction System (5 decks)

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