Clinical Diseases Flashcards
What is creamy white vulvar discharge indicative of?
Vaginitis
Early metoestrus
Open pyometra
What is bloody vulval discharge indicative of? Name as many as you can
Proestrus Estrus Persistent ovarian follicle Ovarian tumor Vaginal trauma Vaginal FB Cystitis Urethral neoplasia Coagulopathy Placental separation Sub involution Vascular malformation
What does normal vaginal discharge look like?
Clear and mucous
Green/ black vulvar discharge is indicative of what?
Normal parturition
Dystocia
Yellow vulvar discharge indicates what?
Incontinence
What should be done to treat juvenile vaginitis?
Nothing usually self resolves with first season, no antibiotics.
Define what Pyometra is and why it is considered life threatening
The uterus fills with pus and causes systemic illness, sepsis, death.
What is the difference between an open and closed pyometra and why is one more dangerous than the other?
Open means that the cervix is open and some of discharge can be seen and the uterus is not as enlarged as a result
Closed means that the cervix is closed and no discharge can be seen but he uterus will be enlarged and the animal will be systemically ill.
Why should separation should not be forced between mating dogs?
Can cause vagina trauma that can lead to life threatening bleeding
When evaluating a vulvar mass what are 3 key points of information
Age, and neutered status
Stage of reproductive cycle/ pregnant?
Size, shape, consistence and location of mass
What is the most common tumor in the bitch? And how is it treated
Smooth muscle tumors of the vagina. Surgical excision and OVH
How does vaginal edema and prolapse occur? What breeds are pre disposed to this
Excessive response of vaginal mucosa to estrogen during follicular phase of the estrus cycle. Brachycephalics
How do you treat and manage vaginal prolapse?
Keep tissue moist
Vulvar sutures
Surgical excision if tissue not viable
Neuter
What diagnostic tools can be used to evaluating ambiguous genitalia? And how is it treated?
Radiographs
Physical evaluation
Surgical removal with histopathology
What is Dystocia?
Disturbance during parturition when normal delivery of the fetus through the birth canal is interrupted
What signs should be a cause of concern during parturition in small animals?
Fetal fluids pass more the 2-3 hours but no birth
Vigorous unproductive straining for 20-30min
Greenish/ reddish brown vulvar discharge with no birth 2-4 hours
Weak irregularly straining for 2-4 hours
2-4 hours pass between births
Second stage labor last longer than 12 hours
Dam is sick
What is the difference between primary and secondary uterine inertia?
Primary failure to respond to fetal signals
Secondary due to exhaustion of the myometrium
List the causes of primary uterine inertia. Name as many as you can
Small litter Very large litter Systemic disease Inherited predisposition Nutritional imbalance Obesity Age Failure of neuroendocrine regulation
List the treatments to dystocia that should be considered before c - section.
Confirm no obstruction Exercise the dam Feathering roof of the vagina floor Oxytocin Treat hypocalcemia and glycemic if present
Vulvar stenosis, anovulvar cleft, rectovaginal fistula, and vestibulovaginal stricture/ band are all what?
Congenital vulvar abnormalities
What can cause vulvar recession?
Dermatitis and chronic inflammation
Hydrometra and mucometra are rare conditions and are usually secondary to what?
Congenital abnormality
At what age is the cut off for when a missing testicle should have appeared?
6 months of age
What are causes of different sized testicles?
Neoplasia, orchitis/ epidymitis, torsion
Scrotal testicle tumors are more likely to be ——— vs cryptochid testicles which are more likely to be ———-
Benign
Malignant
What two types of testicular tumors may be functional and what do they produce?
Leydig tumor- testosterone
Sertoli cell tumor- estrogen
What are the signs of Orchitis/ Epididymitis?
Epididymal enlargement Testicular pain Tenseness and scrotal edema Abscess vis scrotum Systemic illness.
If chronic
Small firm testicles
Adhesion between tunic and scrotum
What are 3 diagnoses that present protruding penis as a clinical sign?
Paraphimosis- non erect penis protrudes and cant be retracted
Priapism- persistent erection
Trauma
In priapism what are the 2 category and which is an emergency?
Non-ischemic- entire penis partially rigid and non painful
Ischemic- painfully rigid shaft with a soft glans EMERGENCY!
What the possible treatments for paraphimosis?
Symptomatic Surgical enlargement of prepuce opening Phallopexy Prepuce lengthening Partial penis amputation
When should prepuce discharge be investigated?
Abnormal color, and severity/ amount
Originates from urethra
Skin abnormal
What is Dyschezia and what does it indicate in an male dog?
Difficulty defecating
Prostatic enlargement
What is the most common a prostatic disorder in entire male dogs? And how is it treated
Benign prostatic hypertrohpy, castration
List 3 lesion of the prostate and how they are treated?
Abscess/ inflammation-drain abscess, treat medically
Prostate cyst -castration, omentalisation, biopsy, medical if causing no harm but rare
Neoplasia- omentisation and castrations, biopsy ( tend to metastasize and be invasive)
Ovarian neoplasia is a relatively uncommon tumor in dogs and cats, who do they present if there and what are the types?
Present with a large mass +/- as cites
May be endocrinologically active, signs of proestrus
Types
Granulosa cell tumor, cystadenoma, adenocarcinoma, teratoma
Which reproductive diseases may present at systemic illness?
Closed pyometra
Uterine torsion
Uterine rupture
What are the portals of entry for pathogens to the uterus?
Ascending infection from the vagina
Hematogenous infection, during pregancy
Descending front he ovary, very rare
Transneural infection
How does estrogen affect immunity in the nonpregnant female ?
During estrus there is better drainage through the open cervix
Up regulates t and b lymphocytes in ruminants
Increases disease resistance
List at least 3 developmental anomalies/sexual ambiguity conditions of the reproductive system
True hermaphrodite
Pseudohermaphrodite
Chimerism (free Martin)
Tract anomaly
Ovarian anomaly
What is a follicular cyst and how is it treated?
Failure of a mature follicle to ovulate
Caused by lack of LH peak, so treatment is LH injection
What is the difference between luteal cysts and cystic corpus lutea?
Luteal cyst is thick walled, usually anestrous, cause by lack of LH peak
Cystic corpus lutea, normal ovulation, no infertility, ovulation papillae on outside of it
What are the types of ovarian neoplasms?
Germ cell neoplasms
Gonadal stromatolites neoplasm
Epithelial neoplasm
Secondary tumors
What does a transcolomic spread of a tumors refer to?
Metastasis bu contact and surface penetration
This ovarian neoplasm is often bilateral and shaggy at the surface. Trasncolomic spread is possible, and may result in ascites
Epithelial neoplasms
What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia and describe what its gross appearance looks like?
Hyperplasia and cystic distension of the endometrial glands with accumulations of secretion ( like a mucometra)
Bitches especially
Which species will continue to cycle during a pyometra with seldom evidence of systemic disease?
The Mare
Fibrosis of the uterus can result in increased levels of which hormone?
Progesterone
What is an inflammation of only to uterine mucosa?
Endometritis
Compare and contrast endometritis and metritis?
Endometritis: limited to uttering mucosa, mild cases are self limiting, inflammatory infiltrate, can occur post service.
Metritis: inflammation of all layers of uterine wall, more severe, potentially life threatening due to septicemia, dull congested se Rosa with paint brush hemorrhages, foul odor discharge, friable uterine wall
What is leiomyoma?
Neoplasia of the smooth muscle of reproductive tract
Mostly in the bitch
What is infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?
A viral disease in cattle causes by the bovine herpes virus. Prevented by use of AI
What is contagious equine metritis? What what should be done if yo come across a case in practice
A highly contagious STI in horse that causes metritis. It is spread through equal reproductions and fomites. It is a notifiable a disease
What is a Transmissible venereal tumor? How can it be treated?
A neoplastic tumor the transfers during coitus, xenotransplantation. Vincristine responsive
In cows what are some types of neoplasia that affect the reproductive tract?
Carcinoma
Lymphosarcoma
Fibropapilloma BPV-1
What is Dourine?
A sexually transmitted disease in horses caused by a Protozoa, that cause edematous lesions all over the skin and the vulva, vaginal mucosa, bladder, and mammary glands
What are the two stages at which the cervix is open?
Estrus and parturition
Uterine infections manifest itself more commonly under which hormone, and what can help to clear them?
Progesterone, reestablishment of luteolysis
True or false: do all ovarian cysts interfere with regularly cycling
False: some do and some dont
True or false: Malignant neoplasms can metastasize hematohenously, lymphatic-ally, and transcolomically
TRUE
What is the main function of the scrotum, vaginal tunic, and spermatic cord?
Maintain Spermatogenesis at a lower temp than body temp via the counter current vascular system
What is the function of the epididymis?
Maturation and concentration of spermatozoa
What are the two main kinds of lesions of the scrotum?
Dermatological and neoplastic
What is the tunica vaginalis?
Thin layer of mesothelioma around testis continuous with the peritoneum
What are some types of testicular diseases?
Developmental Anomalies
Degeneration
Inflammation
Neoplasia
What is cryptorchidism?
Testis are retained between the kidney and inguinal canal. Usually unilateral. They are often small and fibrotic
What is testicular hypoplasia?
Congenital or pre- puberty. Can be due to nutrition, or Zinc deficiency, genetics or endocrine abnormalities. Small testis not noticed until after puberty
What is testicular atrophy?
Occurs after puberty, testicular degeneration due to , scrotal temp increase, decrease testicular blood supply, vitamin a/ an deficiency, drug reactions, radiation damage, obstruction hyperestrogenism.
What is Orchitis? And how does it occur?
Inflammation of the testis
Hematogenous, trauma, reflux orchitis
What is the main cause of epididymitis?
Ascending infection from accessory sex glands and urogenital
What is the notifiable cause of infectious epididymitis in a ram?
Brucellosis ovis hematogenous infection
What are the three main type of testicular neoplasia?
Interstitial cell tumor/ leading cell tumor
Serotoli cell tumor
Germ cell tumor
Can be mixed in some case
Describe the clinical signs of a leydig cell tumor/ interstitial cell tumor
Dogs over 8 years old
Single or multiple 1-2 cm spherical, and demarcated, gas orange and greasy.
No enlargement of testis
Polyhedral cells packed in a small group by fibrous stromatolites
Benign, some can cause aggression from hormone secretion
Describe the clinical findings of sertoli?
Mostly dogs older the 6 years
Usually a firm lobulated discrete mass
Testicle enlarged
Sertoli cells multilayered with in tubules or invading interstitial tissue
Can secret estrogen
Cryptorchid increases risk
Clinical signs of feminization in a dog?
Estrogen or inhibin present Female distribution of fat Attractive to other Male dogs Symmetrical alopecia/ thinning of skin Atrophy of testis Meta plasma of prostate gland Behavioral changes Anemia
What are the clinical signs of Seminoma?
Derived from spermatogonia
Dogs older than 7
Usually unilateral
Swelling and pain
Sheets of polyhedral cells with a large nucleus, mitosis frequent
Locally invasive, metastasis rare
What is a teratoma?
Usually in young horses. A tumor from a totipotential primordial germ cells. Mix of skin, bone teeth, glands ect.
When does hyperplasia of the prostate occur and what are clinical signs?
Older entire male dogs 2-10 years, usually +6
Constipation and urinary stasis
Castration causes atrophy
True or false: castration can prevent neoplasia of prostate
False
What pathological change occurs during metaplasia of the prostate?
Glandular epithelium changes to squamous epithelium and predisposes it to inflammation
Squamous cell carcinoma on the penis/ prepuce is most important in which species?
Horses
Which type of neoplasia is common in dogs and 35 -50% are malignant, and 50% metastasize. And in cats it is less common but when it does occur it is 90% malignant and 80% metastasize
Mammary neoplasia
What is the cause of mammary neoplasia?
Hormonal influences prevented by neutering
What are the risk factors for mammary neoplasia in smalls animals?
Increasing age 9.5 years
Intact bitches and queens
Obesity in early life
Benign tumors can be a risk factor
If a mass is found on the mammaries what else must be examined during the physical?
Palpate ALL glands
What are the mammary tumor types?
Benign
Adenoma, mesenchymal tumor, mixed tumor
Malignant
Carcinoma, sarcoma, carcinosarcoma
What is the treatment of choice for all mammary tumors?
Surgical removal, except in inflammatory carcinomas or metastasis
What is the minimum recommendation for surgical treatment of mammary neoplasia in cats?
Unilateral mastectomy
What are the different types of mastectomies?
Excisional biopsy
Simple mastectomy
Regional mastectomy
Unilateral mastectomy
Bilateral mastectomy
What has a poorer prognosis in dogs:
Sarcoma vs carcinoma
Carcinoma
What is average survival time in dogs in cats after a surgical treated mammary neoplasia?
Dogs: completely excises 1-2 years, unless its benign
Cats: less that a year if malignant
True or false: mammary tumors are almost completely reduced by early neutering
True
How do you stage a mammary tumor?
Stage 1: less the 3cm(t1)no regional(n0,n1) (LN) or distant metastasis (m0, m1)
Stage 2: 3-5cm( t2) in size n0 or m0
Stage 3: greater 5cm in size (t3), n0 or m0
Stage 4: any size, N1 regional metastasis ( LN), m0
Stage 5: t1-t3, n0 or n1, m1
