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Vet Tech > Clinical Cytology > Flashcards

Clinical Cytology Flashcards

to learn different cytological procedures, materials used for them, and why we use them

1
Q

What is cytology used to examine?

A

cells present in body fluids, cells present on mucosal surfaces, cells present in secretions

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2
Q

What are advantages of cytology?

A

relatively non-invasive,
works well with most tissues,
usually done as outpatient,
inexpensive equipment/supplies,
rapid results,
few complications

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3
Q

This method of collection is used when imprints, scrapings, and aspirates can NOT be obtained

A

Swabbing

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4
Q

What are impression smears used for?

A

to collect samples from external lesions, biopsies, & excised masses

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5
Q

What are some advantages of impression smears?

A

require minimal restraint & easy to collect

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6
Q

What are disadvantages to impression smears?

A

collect fewer cells than skin scrapings & contains a greater amount of contamination from bacteria and cellular debris

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7
Q

What equipment is needed to preform an impression smear?

A

6 clean glass slides, #10 scalpel blade

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8
Q

What are the advantages of skin scraping?

A

many cells are collected from the tissue which is particularly helpful when scraping firm lesions & no special equipment is needed

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9
Q

What are disadvantages of FNA’s?

A

fewer cells are collected than with other methods such as scraping

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10
Q

What does FNB stand for?

A

Fine Needle Biopsy

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11
Q

What are the advantages of an ultrasound-guided FNB/FNA?

A

ensures correct placement of the needle & helps prevent laceration of surrounding tissues

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12
Q

When preforming an FNB/FNA it is important to remember that…..

A

negative pressure should be releases before the needle is removed

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13
Q

T/F: when preforming a tissue biopsy, you should clean the site prior to the biopsy

A

False: when preforming a tissue biopsy, the site should NEVER be cleaned prior

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14
Q

What are the two types of biopsies?

A

Wedge biopsy & Punch biopsy

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15
Q

When is a wedge biopsy used?

A

used internally during surgery

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16
Q

When is a punch biopsy used?

A

used for skin

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17
Q

How is a wedge biopsy obtained?

A

by using a scalpel

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18
Q

What are advantages of a wedge biopsy?

A

large and variably sized specimen easily oriented by the pathologist for evaluation, & used to completely excise small, solitary lesions

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19
Q

How many zones does the wedge biopsy transect?

A

3 zones
1. abnormal (lesion or mass)
2. transition between normal and abnormal
3. normal tissue surrounding the lesion or mass

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20
Q

What are the advantages of a punch biopsy?

A

easy & quick

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21
Q

What tools are used for a punch biopsy?

A

a biopsy tool, this tool only rotates in one direction

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22
Q

What are two important things to remember for a tissue biopsy?

A

artifactual changes in the sample can occur as soon as one minute post-collection & sample must remain in fixative for 24 hours prior to evaluation

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23
Q

What are 4 different types of centesis?

A

different types of centesis?
1. cystocentesis
2. abdominocentesis
3.thoracocentesis
4. arthrocentesis

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24
Q

What equipment is used for centesis collections?

A

21g needle, 60mL syringe, purple top tube, lots of clean slides

25
Q

T/F: when collecting synovial fluid, it does NOT need to be done sterile

A

False: when collecting synovial fluid it needs to be collected in a sterile fashion

26
Q

T/F: we use anesthesia when collecting synovial fluid

A

true

27
Q

What are bone biopsies used for?

A

to evaluate bone for abnormalities such as cancer

28
Q

T/F: bone biopsies should be done surgically, under anesthesia, and is done aseptically

A

true

29
Q

What is the tool called that is used for a bone biopsy?

A

a Jamshidi needle

30
Q

Cytology

A

the microscopic evaluation of cells shed from body surfaces, or cells of fluid taken from the body

31
Q

What is the primary purpose of cytological examination?

A

to differentiate between inflammation and neoplasia

32
Q

What are indications for preforming a cytological exam?

A

ear problems,
nasal issues/discharge,
timing for breeding,
diagnosis of masses,
aspiration of fluid in a body cavity,
TTW

33
Q

Cytology vs. Histopathology

A

Cytology: examines cells either individually or in small groups
Histopathology: examines cells in relation to their neighboring cells

34
Q

T/F: many reference laboratories provide special containers for submitting glass slides & fluid samples to minimize slide breakage

A

true

35
Q

Biopsy vs. Aspiration

A

Biopsy is for SOLID things
Aspirate is for FLUID/LIQUID

36
Q

T/F: when using a swab for a culture, you should use an unsterile swab

A

False: you should ALWAYS use a sterile swab if using sample for a culture

37
Q

What is a sterile swab moistened with?

A

0.9% sterile saline to minimize cell damage during collection & slide prep

38
Q

T/F: you should roll a swab sample on a slide rather than rub it

A

True: rubbing a sample will damage cells within the sample

39
Q

When is heating a cytology slide necessary?

A

removing excess ear wax & gram staining

40
Q

How do you avoid excess heating of the sample?

A

gentle heat from a warm hair dryer & BRIEFLY passing the slide through a flame

41
Q

Bacteria can only be definitively diagnosed on what microscope objective?

A

100x or Oil Immersion

42
Q

What can impression smears be made from?

A

ulcerated masses OR from a small portion of a biopsy sample before formalin fixation

43
Q

Why should slides not be stored in the refrigerator?

A

condensation can occur and this will cause cells to lyse and prevent adequate testing

44
Q

What is the technique is used for impression smears?

A

Tzanck Preparation

45
Q

For samples collected during a necropsy or surgery (impression smear)…..

A

blot the surface of the lesion with a clean absorbent sponge to remove blood and tissue fluid first

46
Q

Where would a skin scraping be preformed?

A

on lesions
ex. a place of skin that has hair loss

47
Q

What are the disadvantages of skin scraping?

A

more difficult to collect, cells can be damaged during collection process, only superficial samples are collected

48
Q

What equipment is needed for skin scraping?

A

10 scalpel blade, microscope slildes

49
Q

What technique is used for a skin scraping?

A

ALWAYS use a DULL scalpel blade,
do NOT use excessive pressure

50
Q

What are FNA’s used for?

A

obtaining samples from masses, lymph nodes, nodular lesions, & internal organs

51
Q

What are advantages of FNA’s?

A

superficial contamination can be avoided (especially in cutaneous lesions)

52
Q

T/F: when penetrating a body cavity or joint for an FNA you DON’T need to surgically prepare the site

A

False: if penetration of a body cavity or joint must occur OR if microbiological testing is to be performed, the area must be surgically prepped

53
Q

What materials are needed for an FNA?

A

21-25g needle, a 3-20mL syringe, & slides

54
Q

What is the general rule of FNA’s?

A

the softer the tissue to be collected, the smaller the needle and syringe required to collect it

55
Q

What is a good “starting size” syringe to use for FNA’s?

A

12mL

56
Q

What is the aspiration technique?

A
  1. insert the needle into the mass with the syringe attached
  2. redirect the needle several times while maintaining negative pressure & without exiting the mass
  3. release the negative pressure before removing the needle from the mass
57
Q

What materials are needed for an FNA Non-Aspiration?

A

21-25g needle, 3-20mL syringe, & slides

58
Q

What technique is used for an FNA Non-Aspirate?

A

the same as the aspiration technique EXCEPT, insert the needle into the mass without the syringe attached at all OR attach the syringe to the needle without the plunger

Vet Tech (4 decks)

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