Clinical Considerations: Lab 13

Question 1

Syncope (D and C)

Answer 1

“Sinking Sand” D: Fainting; a sudden, temporary loss of consciousness followed by spontaneous recovery C: usually due to decreased blood flow to the brain.

Question 2

Shock (D, C, and S)

Answer 2

D: Failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs C: loss of body fluids S: systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mmHg, rapid heart rate and pulse, cool and pale skin, sweating, decreased urine formation, thirst, nausea, and altered mental state.

Question 3

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) ( D, S, and T)

Answer 3

D: The presence of a thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein of the lower limbs. S: pulmonary embolism (blood clot caught in the a pulmonary artery), Postphelbitic syndrome Tx: anti-coagulants, compression devices, and take walks

Question 4

Postphelbitic Syndrome

Answer 4

A complication of DVT; D: edema, pain, and skin changes associated with destruction of venous valves.

Question 5

Orthostatic hypotension (D)

Answer 5

An excessive lowering of systemic blood pressure when a person assumes an erect or semi-erect position

Question 6

Hypotension (D)

Answer 6

Low blood pressure; most commonly used to describe an acute drop in blood pressure, as occurs during excessive blood loss

Question 7

Hypertension (D)

Answer 7

Persistently high blood pressure

Question 8

Levels for Normal, prehypertension, Stage 1 hypertension, and Stage 2 hypertension

Answer 8

Normal (120/80); prehypertension (120-139/80-89); stage 1 hypertension (140-159/90-99); stage 2 hypertension (greater than 160/ greater than 100)

Question 9

primary hypertension vs secondary hypertension

Answer 9

primary: no identifiable cause secondary: caused by hyper secretion of aldosterone or epinephrine/norepinephrine (pheochromocytoma); obstruction of renal blood flow or disorders that damage the kidneys.

Question 10

Lifestyle modifications that can help with hypertension

Answer 10

Don’t smoke/quit smoking, limit alcohol intake, lose weight, reduce salt intake, exercise, and manage stress

Question 11

Drug treatment of hypertension

Answer 11

Vasodilators, Diuretics and ACE inhibitors

Question 12

Varicose Veins (D, C, T)

Answer 12

D: Leaky venous valves that cause dilated and twisted in appearance; most commonly present in the esophagus, anal canal (hemorrhoids), and lower limbs C: congenital defects, pregnancy, prolonged standing, or aging. stripping veins, elastic stockings, laser occlusion, radio-frequency endovenous occlusion.

Question 13

Aneurysm (D)

Answer 13

D - thin weakened section of the wall of an artery or vein that bulges outward, forming a balloon like sac.

Question 14

Thrombosis v. Embolism and Tx

Answer 14

T: stationary, healthy response to injury E: traveling in the blood and circulatory system both treated with anticoagulants, compression stockings, stretch and massage, quit smoking, and control BP

Question 15

Thrombosis (Types, C, S)

Answer 15

Types (White thrombi, Red thrombi, and mixed); C: high coagulant factors, injury to endothelial cells, and aneurysm) S: SOB, heavy aches, healing injury

Question 16

Embolism (Types, C, S)

Answer 16

Types ( pulmonary, amniotic, air embolism, and brain) C; smoking, heart disease, atherosclerosis, high BP) S: rapid breathing, wheezing, bloody sputum/cough, sharp chest pain

Question 17

Angiogenesis

Answer 17

Formation of new vessels caused by Tumor angiogenesis factors (TAFs)

Question 18

Diseases of Angiogenesis

Answer 18

diabetic retinopathy and malignant tumor development.

Question 19

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 19

a group of diseases associated with the thickening of the walls of arteries and the loss of elasticity

Question 20

atherosclerosis

Answer 20

a form of arteriosclerosis; a progressive disease characterized by the formation of lesions in the walls of medium sized and large arteries called atherosclerotic plaques.