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Electrolytes and Acid-base disorders > Clinical Conditions to Electrolytes and Acid-base Disorders > Flashcards

Clinical Conditions to Electrolytes and Acid-base Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Diarrhoea

A
  • Metabolic acidosis (pH: Low, HCO3: Low, CO2: normal, CO2 goes low in compensation) with normal anion gap
  • Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis
  • Cl: High (Hyperchloraemia)
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
    • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume
      • Na <135mmol/L
      • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
      • Low ECF volume
  • ​​Urinary Na <20mmol/L
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2
Q

Ureterosigmoidostomy

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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3
Q

Fistula (e.g. pancreatic fistula)

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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4
Q

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

A
  • Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap (All types: mainly 1, 2, 4) > cause
    • ​In type 2 >>> HCO3 is lost from the kidneys
    • In type 1, 4 >>> Reduced H+ ion excretion from the kidneys
  • Cl: High (hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis) (All types; mainly 1, 2, 4)
  • K: Low (type 1,2,3); High (type 4)
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5
Q

Drug: Acetazolamide

A
  • Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap
  • Cl: High (hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
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6
Q

Drug: Allopurinol

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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7
Q

Drug: Benzylpenicillin

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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8
Q

Drug: Diclofenac

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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9
Q

Ammonium chloride injection

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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10
Q

Addison’s disease (Low aldosterone level)

A
  • Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap (hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)
  • Cl: High (Hyperchloraemia)
  • K: High (hyperkalaemia)
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
  • Urinary Na >20mmol/L
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
  • Glucose: Low (Hypoglycaemia)
  • Azotaemia: (Raised Nitrogen products in blood)
    • Urea: High
    • BUN: High
    • Creatinine: High
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11
Q

Lactic acidosis

A

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

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12
Q

Shock

A

Metabolic acidosis (Lactic acidosis type A) with raised anion gap

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13
Q

Hypoxia

A

Metabolic acidosis (Lactic acidosis type A) with raised anion gap

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14
Q

Burns

A
  • Metabolic acidosis (Lactic acidosis type A) with raised anion gap
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
    • ​Possibly → Fluid sequestration “third space”
    • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume
      • Na <135mmol/L
      • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
      • Low ECF volume
  • ​​Urinary Na <20mmol/L
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15
Q

Metformin

A

Metabolic acidosis (Lactic acidosis type B) with raised anion gap

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16
Q

FeSO4 (Iron in any form)

A

Metabolic acidosis (Lactic acidosis type B) with raised anion gap

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17
Q

Ketones (Ketosis, High ketone bodies in blood)

A

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

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18
Q

DKA

A
  • Metabolic acidosis (ketoacidosis) with raised anion gap
  • pH: <7.3
  • HCO3 <18mmol/L or <15mmol/L
  • Anion gap: Raised
  • Glucose: High; >11mmol/L or >13.9mmol/L
  • Serum Ketones: High
  • Urine ketones: High
  • PO4: Low
  • Na: Low (pseudo or true hyponatraemia))
    • maybe ​Hypertonic hyponatraemia (plasma osmolality >290mOsm/L + Na <135mmol/L) (due to severe hyperglycaemia)
  • K: High or normal
    • ​Low (hypokalaemia) in only ‘partially treated DKA’
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19
Q

Alcohol

e.g. Methanol

Ethylene glycol etc.

A
  • Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap
  • Ketones: high
  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
  • PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia) (In Alcohol excess)
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
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20
Q

Uraemia (high urea in blood)

A

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

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21
Q

Renal failure

A
  • Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap
  • Azotaemia (Raised Nitrogen contents in the blood)
    • Urea/Urate: High
    • Creatinine: High
    • BUN: High
  • Uric acid: High
  • PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)
  • ​K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
    • ​Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L (hypotonic hyponatraemia) + high ECF volume (hypervolaemia/volume overload >>> oedema); water excess is due to low GFR
    • In Diuretic stage of renal failure >>> Urinary Na >20mmol/L
    • In ATN of ARF >>> Urinary Na >40mmol/L
    • In pre-renal uraemia of ARF >>> Urinary Na <20mmol/L
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)
  • ALP: High
  • Urine osmolarity (in case of ARF):
    • ​>500 in pre-renal uraemia of ARF
    • <350 in ATN of ARF (though it has higher urinary Na)

​(Above are true for both ARF and CRF; except ATN, Pre-renal uraemia and urine osmolarity section)

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22
Q

Acid poisoning

A

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

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23
Q

Salicylates poisoning/toxicity

OR Aspirin

A

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap + Respiratory alkalosis

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24
Q

Vomiting

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
  • Cl: Low (Hypochloraemia)
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
    • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume
      • Na <135mmol/L
      • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
      • Low ECF volume
  • ​​Urinary Na <20mmol/L
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25
**Peptic ulcer \>\>\> pyloric stenosis**
**If vomiting \>\>\>** * **Metabolic alkalosis** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)** * **Cl: Low (Hypochloraemia)** * **Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume** * **​​Urinary Na \<20mmol/L**
26
**Aspiration OR Aspiration pneumonia**
* **Metabolic alkalosis** * **Hypokalaemia** *(maybe)* * **Hypochloraemia** *(maybe)*
27
**Nasogastric suction**
* **Metabolic alkalosis** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)** * *Aspiration may also have hypochloraemia* **​**(maybe due to vomiting or aspiration)
28
**Diuretics**
* **Metabolic alkalosis** * **Cl: Low (Hypochloraemic alkalosis)** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)** * **Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)** * **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume** * **Urinary Na \>20mmol/L** * **Serum Na \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume** * **Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)** * **Glucose: High (hyperglycaemia)** **​(It is common by Loop: furosemide/frusemide & thiazide group of diuretics)** **Extra by "Only thiazide diuretics"** * **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)** * **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia = Gout)** **Spironolactone: Eplerenone causes \>\>\> K : High (Hyperkalaemia)**
29
**Liquorice**
* **Metabolic alkalosis** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)**
30
**Carbenoxolone**
* **Metabolic alkalosis** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)**
31
**Primary hyperaldosteronism (or Conn's syndrome)**
* **Metabolic alkalosis** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)**
32
**CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)**
* **Metabolic alkalosis** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)**
33
**Cushing's syndrome**
* **Metabolic alkalosis** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)**
34
**Bartter's syndrome**
* **Metabolic alkalosis** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)** * **Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)**
35
**Hyperglycaemia**
* **Na : Low** * **Hypertonic hyponatraemia** * **Plasma osmolarity \>290mOsm/L (=mOsm/Kg or mmol/L)** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * **​​***If tt becomes DKA or HHS \>\>\> see their specific electrolyte abnormalitis*
36
**Hypertonic solution: Mannitol**
* **Na : Low** * **Hypertonic hyponatraemia** * **Plasma osmolarity \>290mOsm/L (=mOsm/Kg or mmol/L)** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * ​*if Mannitol is not hypertonic & used as osmotic diuretic \>\>\> hypotonic hyponatraemia + low ECF volume*
37
**Hyperlipidaemia (raised serum volume)**
* **Pseudohyponatraemia** * **Na conc. : Low (\<135mmol/L)** * **Isotonic hyponatraemia (plasma osmolality 275 to 290mOsm/L)**
38
**'Taking blood from a drip arm'**
* **Pseudohyponatraemia** * **Na conc. : Low (\<135mmol/L)** * **Isotonic hyponatraemia (plasma osmolality 275 to 290mOsm/L)**
39
**Use of Na free irrigant solutes in 'hysterectomy', 'TURP' or other surgical conditions**
* **Na: Low conc. (\<135mmol/L)** * **Isotonic hyponatraemia** * **Plasma osmolality: Normal (275 to 290mOsm/L)**
40
**CCF (Congestive cardiac failure)**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume** *(hypervolaemia → causes oedema)* * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **High ECF volume** * **​Hyponatraemia occurs due to 'secondary hypoaldosteronism'** * **Urinary Na \<20mmol/L**
41
**Cirrhosis of Liver**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume** *(hypervolaemia → causes oedema)* * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **High ECF volume** * **​​Hyponatraemia occurs due to 'secondary hypoaldosteronism'** * **Urinary Na \<20mmol/L**
42
**Nephrotic syndrome**
**Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume** *(→ causes oedema)* * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **High ECF volume**
43
**Sepsis**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume** * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **High ECF volume**
44
**Anaphylaxis**
**Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume** * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **High ECF volume**
45
**Pregnancy**
**Possibly →** **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume** * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **High ECF volume** **​Respiratory alkalosis**
46
**SIADH (due to its any cause)**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)** * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **Normal ECF volume** * **Urine osmolality \>100mOsm/Kg** (often \>500mmol/Kg) * **​Urinary Na \>20mmol/L** * **​*ALL the SIADH causes are included in it***
47
**Hypothyroidism**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)** * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **Normal ECF volume** * **​Urinary Na \>20mmol/L**
48
**Secondary adrenal insufficiency** **(Adrenal insufficiency due to any pituitary cause: surgery, radiation, necrosis etc. or drug-induced \>\>\> Lack of ACTH \>\>\> Lack of cortisol)**
* **Na can be normal** * **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)** * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **Normal ECF volume** * **K : Normal** * **Glucose: Low (Hypoglycaemia)**
49
**Malignancy**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)** * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **Normal ECF volume****​** ***​**(By SIADH or not by SIADH \> both possible \> and both have same picture above)* * *​​***Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)**
50
**Decreased intake of solutes** * **Beer potomania** * **Tea-and-Toast diet**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)** * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **Normal ECF volume**
51
**Primary polydipsia**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)** * **Na : \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **Normal ECF volume**
52
**Cerebral haemorrhage**
**If cerebral salt wasting \>\>\>** * **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Na : Low (\<135mmol/L)** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume**
53
**Brain surgery**
**If cerebral salt wasting \>\>\>** * **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Na : Low (\<135mmol/L)** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume**
54
**Brain/Head trauma**
**If cerebral salt wasting \>\>\>** * **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Na : Low (\<135mmol/L)** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume**
55
**Hypokalaemia (due to any cause) \>\>\> possible effect on other electrolytes (in some cases)**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume ( =hypovolaemia)** * **Na : Low (\<135mmol/L)** * **Plasma osmolality : \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume** * **​Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)**
56
**Osmotic diuretics (Mannitol, Urea, Glucose, isosrbide etc) and Osmotic diuresis due to diseases**
* **By osmotic diuretics \>\>\> Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (= hypovolaemia)** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume** * **​By osmotic diuresis (e.g. HHS) \>\>\> Hypernatraemia**
57
**Drug: Lithium**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)** * **Mg: High (Hypermagnesaemia)** * **Na: Low (possibly hyponatraemia)**
58
**Salt wasting nephropathy**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume**
59
**Bicarbonaturia**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume**
60
**Ketonuria**
**If associated with hyperglycaemia (Dx: DKA)** * **Hypertonic hyponatraemia** * **Plasma osmolality \>290mOsm/L + Na \<135mmol/L** **​If not associated with hyperglycaemia (NOT DKA)** * **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Plasma osmolality \<275mOsm/L + Na \<135mmol/L**
61
**Blood loss**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume**
62
**Excessive sweating**
* **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume** * **​Urinary Na \<20mmol/L**
63
**Bowel obstruction**
**​Possibly →** * **Fluid sequestration "third space"** * **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume**
64
**Peritonitis**
**​Possibly →** * **Fluid sequestration "third space"** * **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume**
65
**Pancreatitis**
**​Possibly →** * **Fluid sequestration "third space"** * **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume**
66
**Muscle trauma**
**​Possibly →** * **Fluid sequestration "third space"** * **Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)** * **Na \<135mmol/L** * **Plasma osmolality \<275mOsm/L** * **Low ECF volume**
67
**Adenoma of rectum**
* **Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)** * **Urinary Na \<20mmol/L**
68
**IV dextrose**
* **Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)** * **Urinary Na \<20mmol/L** * **Hypervolaemia or water excess**
69
**Psychogenic polydipsia**
* **Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)** * **Urinary Na \<20mmol/L** * **Hypervolaemia or water excess**
70
**Dehydration**
* **Na: High (Hypernatraemia)** Applicable when there is lack of water in the body (loss/reduced intake) but NO Na loss But hypovolaemia due to cerebral, renal, extra-renal Na loss causes hypotonic hyponatraemia * **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)**
71
**HHS (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State)** **= HONK (Hyperosmolar Non Ketotic Coma)**
* **Na: High (Hypernatraemia)** *(By osmotic diuresis)*
72
**Diabetes Insipidus (DI)**
* **Na: High (Hypernatraemia)** *(As water loss in the body raises Na conc.)*
73
**Excess IV saline**
* **Na: High (Hypernatraemia)**
74
**Rhabdomyolysis**
* **K: High (Hyperkalaemia)** * **Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)** *(In initial stage)* * If it leads to renal failure \>\>\> then develops \>\>\> other renal failure electrolyte picture
75
**Drug: ACE inhibitors** **ARBs**
* **K: High (Hyperkalaemia)**
76
**Drug: Beta blockers**
* **K: High (Hyperkalaemia)**
77
**Drug: Ciclosporin**
* **K: High (Hyperkalaemia)**
78
**Drug: Digoxin**
* **K: High (Hyperkalaemia)**
79
**Drugs: spironolactone** **Eprelenone**
* **K: High (Hyperkalaemia)** * So, these are called K sparing diuretics
80
**Massive blood transfusion**
* **K: High (Hyperkalaemia)**
81
**Insulin insufficiency**
* **K: High (Hyperkalaemia)**
82
**Refeeding syndrome**
* **PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia) (Mainly)** * **Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)** ## Footnote **​Characteristic triad of electrolyte abnormalities in it**
83
**Acute liver failure**
* **PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia)**
84
**NG feeding**
* **PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia) (Mainly)** * **Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)** ## Footnote **​Characteristic triad of electrolyte abnormalities**
85
**TPN (Total parenteral nutrition)**
* **Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)**
86
**IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease)**
**Possibly \>\>\>** * **Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)**
87
**Gitleman's syndrome**
**Possibly \>\>\>** * **Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)**
88
**Osteomalacia**
* **Vitamin D : Low \>\>\>** * **PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia)** * **Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)** * **ALP: High**
89
**Drug: Cisplatin**
* **Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)** * **Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)** *(Low Mg causes low Ca)* ## Footnote **​First correct hypomagnesaemia (Low Mg levels) \>\>\> then correct hypocalcaemia (Low Ca levels)**
90
**Primary hyperparathyroidism**
* **PTH: High/Normal \>\>\>** * **PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia)** * **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)** * **ALP: High** * **Cl: High (Hyperchloraemia)** * **Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis (Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)**
91
**Tertiary hyperparathyroidism**
* **PTH: High** * **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)** * **PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)** ## Footnote Presense of CKD/CRF + high sr. creatinine ***(Only here PO4 goes in the same direction of Ca; In all other cases, PO4 goes in the opposite direction of Ca)***
92
**Secondary hyperparathyroidism**
* **PTH: High** * **Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)** * **PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)** ## Footnote Presense of CKD/CRF + high sr. creatinine
93
**Pseudohypoparathyroidism**
* **PTH: High** * **Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)** * **PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)** (short stature, short 4th-5th metacarpals) Here, target cells are insensitive to PTH
94
**Primary hypoparathyroidism**
* **PTH: Low** * **Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)** * **PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)**
95
**Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism**
* **PTH: Normal** * **Ca: Normal** * **PO4: Normal** ## Footnote But ​phenotypes are like pseudohypoparathyroidism
96
**Vitamin D toxicity** **OR hypervitaminosis D**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)** * **PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)** * ALP can be normal
97
**Paget's disease**
* **Ca: Normal** *(Hypercalcaemia happens only if the patient is immobilised)* * **ALP: High**
98
**Hypomagnesaemia due to end-organ PTH resistance**
* **Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)** * ***Hypomagsaemia itself can cause \>\>\> hypokalaemia and hypocalcaemia both***
99
**High NO levels in blood**
* **Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)**
100
**Acute pancreatitis**
* **Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)** * **K: Low (Hypokalaemia)** * **LDH: High** * **Glucose: High (Hyperglycaemia, glycosuria)**
101
**Contamination of blood samples with EDTA**
* **Ca: Low (but falsely) = falsely low calcium**
102
**Hypoparathyroidism due to thyroid/parathyroid surgery**
* **PTH : Low** * **Ca: Low** * **PO4: High**
103
**Squamous cell carcinoma (NSCLC)**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)**
104
**Multiple myeloma**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)** * **ALP: High**
105
**Bone metastasis from malignancy**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)** * **ALP: High**
106
**Acromegaly**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)** * **PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)** *maybe* * **Glucose: High (Hyperglycaemia)**
107
**Thyrotoxicosis**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)** *maybe*
108
**Calcium containing antacids**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)**
109
**Sarcoidosis**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)**
110
**Tuberculosis**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)** *maybe present*
111
**Histoplasmosis**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)**
112
**Milk alkali syndrome**
* **Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)**
113
**Lesch-Nyhan syndrome**
* **Uric acid: High (hyperuricaemia)**
114
**Myeloproliferative disorders**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
115
**PRV (polycythaemia rubra vera)**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
116
**CML**
* **Uric acid: High​ (Hyperuricaemia)**
117
**ET (Essesntial thrombosis)**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)** *(GOUT)* * *So, do NOT prescribe Lasix in ET patient (Contraindicated); As it is furosemide (Diuretics) that causes hyperuricaemia itself \>\>\> combination will worse the condition*
118
**Myelofibrosis**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
119
**Lymphoproliferative disorders**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
120
**CLL**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
121
**Hodgkin lymphoma**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
122
**Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
123
**Psoriasis (severe)**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
124
**Cytotoxic agents \>\>\> tumour lysis** **(= Tumour lysis syndrome: TLS)**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)** * **K: High (Hyperkalaemia)** * **PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)** * **Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)**
125
**Diet rich in purines**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
126
**Exercise**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
127
**Low dose aspirin**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
128
**Drug: Pyrazinamide**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
129
**Pre-eclampsia**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
130
**Lead toxicity**
* **Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)**
131
**COPD**
* **Respiratory acidosis +/- type II respiratory failure** * respiratory acidosis is due to hypoventilation * type 2 R.F may or may not be present
132
**Life-threatening asthma**
* **Respiratory acidosis +/- type II respiratory failure** * respiratory acidosis is due to hypoventilation * type 2 R.F maybe or may not be present
133
**Near fatal asthma**
* **Respiratory acidosis AND type II respiratory failure** * respiratory acidosis is due to hypoventilation
134
**Respiratory muscle disease**
* **Respiratory acidosis**
135
**Drug: Benzodiazepines**
* **Respiratory acidosis**
136
**Drug: opiates**
* **Respiratory acidosis**
137
**Anxiety**
* **Respiratory alkalosis + high pO2**
138
**Pulmonary embolism**
* **Respiratory alkalosis** * **Low pO2 [type-I RF: low pO2 + low pCO2]**
139
**Salicylate poisoning**
* **(Respiratory alkalosis +** * **Metabolic acidosis)** * **Low pO2:** ***(IF present \>\>\> its type 1 respiratory failure)***
140
**CNS disorders, e.g. stroke, SAH, encephalitis**
* **Respiratory alkalosis**
141
**High altitude**
* **Respiratory alkalosis**
142
**Acute asthma attack**
* **It can cause low pCO2 → respiratory alkalosis; if also low pO2 → + type-I RF:** * **but when pCO2 goes high \>\>\> it causes near-fatal OR life-threatening asthma + respiratory acidosis; if also low pO2 → + type 2 R.F)**
143
**Drug: Aldactone**
* **K: High (Hyperkalaemia)**
144
**Drug: Heparin (UFH and LMWH)**
* **K: High (Hyperkalaemia)**

Electrolytes and Acid-base disorders (18 decks)

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