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Electrolytes and Acid-base disorders > Clinical Conditions to Electrolytes and Acid-base Disorders > Flashcards

Clinical Conditions to Electrolytes and Acid-base Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Diarrhoea

A
  • Metabolic acidosis (pH: Low, HCO3: Low, CO2: normal, CO2 goes low in compensation) with normal anion gap
  • Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis
  • Cl: High (Hyperchloraemia)
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
    • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume
      • Na <135mmol/L
      • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
      • Low ECF volume
  • ​​Urinary Na <20mmol/L
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2
Q

Ureterosigmoidostomy

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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3
Q

Fistula (e.g. pancreatic fistula)

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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4
Q

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

A
  • Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap (All types: mainly 1, 2, 4) > cause
    • ​In type 2 >>> HCO3 is lost from the kidneys
    • In type 1, 4 >>> Reduced H+ ion excretion from the kidneys
  • Cl: High (hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis) (All types; mainly 1, 2, 4)
  • K: Low (type 1,2,3); High (type 4)
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5
Q

Drug: Acetazolamide

A
  • Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap
  • Cl: High (hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
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6
Q

Drug: Allopurinol

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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7
Q

Drug: Benzylpenicillin

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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8
Q

Drug: Diclofenac

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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9
Q

Ammonium chloride injection

A

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

(hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)

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10
Q

Addison’s disease (Low aldosterone level)

A
  • Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap (hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)
  • Cl: High (Hyperchloraemia)
  • K: High (hyperkalaemia)
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
  • Urinary Na >20mmol/L
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
  • Glucose: Low (Hypoglycaemia)
  • Azotaemia: (Raised Nitrogen products in blood)
    • Urea: High
    • BUN: High
    • Creatinine: High
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11
Q

Lactic acidosis

A

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

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12
Q

Shock

A

Metabolic acidosis (Lactic acidosis type A) with raised anion gap

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13
Q

Hypoxia

A

Metabolic acidosis (Lactic acidosis type A) with raised anion gap

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14
Q

Burns

A
  • Metabolic acidosis (Lactic acidosis type A) with raised anion gap
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
    • ​Possibly → Fluid sequestration “third space”
    • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume
      • Na <135mmol/L
      • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
      • Low ECF volume
  • ​​Urinary Na <20mmol/L
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15
Q

Metformin

A

Metabolic acidosis (Lactic acidosis type B) with raised anion gap

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16
Q

FeSO4 (Iron in any form)

A

Metabolic acidosis (Lactic acidosis type B) with raised anion gap

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17
Q

Ketones (Ketosis, High ketone bodies in blood)

A

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

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18
Q

DKA

A
  • Metabolic acidosis (ketoacidosis) with raised anion gap
  • pH: <7.3
  • HCO3 <18mmol/L or <15mmol/L
  • Anion gap: Raised
  • Glucose: High; >11mmol/L or >13.9mmol/L
  • Serum Ketones: High
  • Urine ketones: High
  • PO4: Low
  • Na: Low (pseudo or true hyponatraemia))
    • maybe ​Hypertonic hyponatraemia (plasma osmolality >290mOsm/L + Na <135mmol/L) (due to severe hyperglycaemia)
  • K: High or normal
    • ​Low (hypokalaemia) in only ‘partially treated DKA’
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19
Q

Alcohol

e.g. Methanol

Ethylene glycol etc.

A
  • Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap
  • Ketones: high
  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
  • PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia) (In Alcohol excess)
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
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20
Q

Uraemia (high urea in blood)

A

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

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21
Q

Renal failure

A
  • Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap
  • Azotaemia (Raised Nitrogen contents in the blood)
    • Urea/Urate: High
    • Creatinine: High
    • BUN: High
  • Uric acid: High
  • PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)
  • ​K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
    • ​Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L (hypotonic hyponatraemia) + high ECF volume (hypervolaemia/volume overload >>> oedema); water excess is due to low GFR
    • In Diuretic stage of renal failure >>> Urinary Na >20mmol/L
    • In ATN of ARF >>> Urinary Na >40mmol/L
    • In pre-renal uraemia of ARF >>> Urinary Na <20mmol/L
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)
  • ALP: High
  • Urine osmolarity (in case of ARF):
    • ​>500 in pre-renal uraemia of ARF
    • <350 in ATN of ARF (though it has higher urinary Na)

​(Above are true for both ARF and CRF; except ATN, Pre-renal uraemia and urine osmolarity section)

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22
Q

Acid poisoning

A

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

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23
Q

Salicylates poisoning/toxicity

OR Aspirin

A

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap + Respiratory alkalosis

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24
Q

Vomiting

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
  • Cl: Low (Hypochloraemia)
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
    • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume
      • Na <135mmol/L
      • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
      • Low ECF volume
  • ​​Urinary Na <20mmol/L
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25
Q

Peptic ulcer >>> pyloric stenosis

A

If vomiting >>>

  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
  • Cl: Low (Hypochloraemia)
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume
    • Na <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
  • ​​Urinary Na <20mmol/L
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26
Q

Aspiration OR Aspiration pneumonia

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • Hypokalaemia (maybe)
  • Hypochloraemia (maybe)
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27
Q

Nasogastric suction

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
  • Aspiration may also have hypochloraemia

​(maybe due to vomiting or aspiration)

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28
Q

Diuretics

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • Cl: Low (Hypochloraemic alkalosis)
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
    • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume
    • Urinary Na >20mmol/L
    • Serum Na <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
  • Glucose: High (hyperglycaemia)

​(It is common by Loop: furosemide/frusemide & thiazide group of diuretics)

Extra by “Only thiazide diuretics”

  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia = Gout)

Spironolactone: Eplerenone causes >>> K : High (Hyperkalaemia)

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29
Q

Liquorice

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
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30
Q

Carbenoxolone

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
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31
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism (or Conn’s syndrome)

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
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32
Q

CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
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33
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
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34
Q

Bartter’s syndrome

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
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35
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A
  • Na : Low
    • Hypertonic hyponatraemia
      • Plasma osmolarity >290mOsm/L (=mOsm/Kg or mmol/L)
      • Na <135mmol/L
  • ​​If tt becomes DKA or HHS >>> see their specific electrolyte abnormalitis
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36
Q

Hypertonic solution: Mannitol

A
  • Na : Low
    • Hypertonic hyponatraemia
      • Plasma osmolarity >290mOsm/L (=mOsm/Kg or mmol/L)
      • Na <135mmol/L
  • ​if Mannitol is not hypertonic & used as osmotic diuretic >>> hypotonic hyponatraemia + low ECF volume
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37
Q

Hyperlipidaemia (raised serum volume)

A
  • Pseudohyponatraemia
    • Na conc. : Low (<135mmol/L)
    • Isotonic hyponatraemia (plasma osmolality 275 to 290mOsm/L)
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38
Q

‘Taking blood from a drip arm’

A
  • Pseudohyponatraemia
    • Na conc. : Low (<135mmol/L)
    • Isotonic hyponatraemia (plasma osmolality 275 to 290mOsm/L)
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39
Q

Use of Na free irrigant solutes in ‘hysterectomy’, ‘TURP’ or other surgical conditions

A
  • Na: Low conc. (<135mmol/L)
  • Isotonic hyponatraemia
    • Plasma osmolality: Normal (275 to 290mOsm/L)
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40
Q

CCF (Congestive cardiac failure)

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume (hypervolaemia → causes oedema)
    • Na : <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • High ECF volume
  • ​Hyponatraemia occurs due to ‘secondary hypoaldosteronism’
  • Urinary Na <20mmol/L
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41
Q

Cirrhosis of Liver

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume (hypervolaemia → causes oedema)
    • Na : <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • High ECF volume
  • ​​Hyponatraemia occurs due to ‘secondary hypoaldosteronism’
  • Urinary Na <20mmol/L
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42
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume (→ causes oedema)

  • Na : <135mmol/L
  • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
  • High ECF volume
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43
Q

Sepsis

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume
    • Na : <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • High ECF volume
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44
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume

  • Na : <135mmol/L
  • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
  • High ECF volume
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45
Q

Pregnancy

A

Possibly →

Hypotonic hyponatraemia + high ECF volume

  • Na : <135mmol/L
  • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
  • High ECF volume

​Respiratory alkalosis

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46
Q

SIADH (due to its any cause)

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)
    • Na : <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • Normal ECF volume
  • Urine osmolality >100mOsm/Kg (often >500mmol/Kg)
  • ​Urinary Na >20mmol/L
  • ​ALL the SIADH causes are included in it
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47
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)
    • Na : <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • Normal ECF volume
  • ​Urinary Na >20mmol/L
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48
Q

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

(Adrenal insufficiency due to any pituitary cause: surgery, radiation, necrosis etc. or drug-induced >>> Lack of ACTH >>> Lack of cortisol)

A
  • Na can be normal
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)
    • Na : <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • Normal ECF volume
  • K : Normal
  • Glucose: Low (Hypoglycaemia)
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49
Q

Malignancy

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)
    • Na : <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • Normal ECF volume​

​(By SIADH or not by SIADH > both possible > and both have same picture above)

  • ​​Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
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50
Q

Decreased intake of solutes

  • Beer potomania
  • Tea-and-Toast diet
A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)
    • Na : <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • Normal ECF volume
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51
Q

Primary polydipsia

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + normal ECF volume (euvolaemic)
    • Na : <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • Normal ECF volume
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52
Q

Cerebral haemorrhage

A

If cerebral salt wasting >>>

  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Na : Low (<135mmol/L)
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
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53
Q

Brain surgery

A

If cerebral salt wasting >>>

  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Na : Low (<135mmol/L)
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
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54
Q

Brain/Head trauma

A

If cerebral salt wasting >>>

  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Na : Low (<135mmol/L)
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
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55
Q

Hypokalaemia (due to any cause) >>> possible effect on other electrolytes (in some cases)

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume ( =hypovolaemia)
    • Na : Low (<135mmol/L)
    • Plasma osmolality : <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
  • ​Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
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56
Q

Osmotic diuretics (Mannitol, Urea, Glucose, isosrbide etc) and Osmotic diuresis due to diseases

A
  • By osmotic diuretics >>> Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (= hypovolaemia)
    • Na <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
  • ​By osmotic diuresis (e.g. HHS) >>> Hypernatraemia
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57
Q

Drug: Lithium

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
  • Mg: High (Hypermagnesaemia)
  • Na: Low (possibly hyponatraemia)
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58
Q

Salt wasting nephropathy

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Na <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
59
Q

Bicarbonaturia

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Na <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
60
Q

Ketonuria

A

If associated with hyperglycaemia (Dx: DKA)

  • Hypertonic hyponatraemia
    • Plasma osmolality >290mOsm/L + Na <135mmol/L

​If not associated with hyperglycaemia (NOT DKA)

  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L + Na <135mmol/L
61
Q

Blood loss

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Na <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
62
Q

Excessive sweating

A
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Na <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
  • ​Urinary Na <20mmol/L
63
Q

Bowel obstruction

A

​Possibly →

  • Fluid sequestration “third space”
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Na <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
64
Q

Peritonitis

A

​Possibly →

  • Fluid sequestration “third space”
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Na <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
65
Q

Pancreatitis

A

​Possibly →

  • Fluid sequestration “third space”
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Na <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
66
Q

Muscle trauma

A

​Possibly →

  • Fluid sequestration “third space”
  • Hypotonic hyponatraemia + Low ECF volume (hypovolaemia)
    • Na <135mmol/L
    • Plasma osmolality <275mOsm/L
    • Low ECF volume
67
Q

Adenoma of rectum

A
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
  • Urinary Na <20mmol/L
68
Q

IV dextrose

A
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
  • Urinary Na <20mmol/L
  • Hypervolaemia or water excess
69
Q

Psychogenic polydipsia

A
  • Na: Low (Hyponatraemia)
  • Urinary Na <20mmol/L
  • Hypervolaemia or water excess
70
Q

Dehydration

A
  • Na: High (Hypernatraemia)

Applicable when there is lack of water in the body (loss/reduced intake) but NO Na loss

But hypovolaemia due to cerebral, renal, extra-renal Na loss causes hypotonic hyponatraemia

  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
71
Q

HHS (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State)

= HONK (Hyperosmolar Non Ketotic Coma)

A
  • Na: High (Hypernatraemia) (By osmotic diuresis)
72
Q

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

A
  • Na: High (Hypernatraemia) (As water loss in the body raises Na conc.)
73
Q

Excess IV saline

A
  • Na: High (Hypernatraemia)
74
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A
  • K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia) (In initial stage)
  • If it leads to renal failure >>> then develops >>> other renal failure electrolyte picture
75
Q

Drug: ACE inhibitors

ARBs

A
  • K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
76
Q

Drug: Beta blockers

A
  • K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
77
Q

Drug: Ciclosporin

A
  • K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
78
Q

Drug: Digoxin

A
  • K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
79
Q

Drugs: spironolactone

Eprelenone

A
  • K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
  • So, these are called K sparing diuretics
80
Q

Massive blood transfusion

A
  • K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
81
Q

Insulin insufficiency

A
  • K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
82
Q

Refeeding syndrome

A
  • PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia) (Mainly)
  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)

​Characteristic triad of electrolyte abnormalities in it

83
Q

Acute liver failure

A
  • PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia)
84
Q

NG feeding

A
  • PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia) (Mainly)
  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)

​Characteristic triad of electrolyte abnormalities

85
Q

TPN (Total parenteral nutrition)

A
  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
86
Q

IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease)

A

Possibly >>>

  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
87
Q

Gitleman’s syndrome

A

Possibly >>>

  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
88
Q

Osteomalacia

A
  • Vitamin D : Low >>>
  • PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia)
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)
  • ALP: High
89
Q

Drug: Cisplatin

A
  • Mg: Low (Hypomagnesaemia)
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia) (Low Mg causes low Ca)

​First correct hypomagnesaemia (Low Mg levels) >>> then correct hypocalcaemia (Low Ca levels)

90
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • PTH: High/Normal >>>
  • PO4: Low (Hypophosphataemia)
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
  • ALP: High
  • Cl: High (Hyperchloraemia)
  • Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis (Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis)
91
Q

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • PTH: High
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
  • PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)

Presense of CKD/CRF + high sr. creatinine

(Only here PO4 goes in the same direction of Ca; In all other cases, PO4 goes in the opposite direction of Ca)

92
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • PTH: High
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)
  • PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)

Presense of CKD/CRF + high sr. creatinine

93
Q

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

A
  • PTH: High
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)
  • PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)

(short stature, short 4th-5th metacarpals)

Here, target cells are insensitive to PTH

94
Q

Primary hypoparathyroidism

A
  • PTH: Low
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)
  • PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)
95
Q

Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

A
  • PTH: Normal
  • Ca: Normal
  • PO4: Normal

But ​phenotypes are like pseudohypoparathyroidism

96
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

OR hypervitaminosis D

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
  • PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)
  • ALP can be normal
97
Q

Paget’s disease

A
  • Ca: Normal (Hypercalcaemia happens only if the patient is immobilised)
  • ALP: High
98
Q

Hypomagnesaemia due to end-organ PTH resistance

A
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)
  • Hypomagsaemia itself can cause >>> hypokalaemia and hypocalcaemia both
99
Q

High NO levels in blood

A
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)
100
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)
  • K: Low (Hypokalaemia)
  • LDH: High
  • Glucose: High (Hyperglycaemia, glycosuria)
101
Q

Contamination of blood samples with EDTA

A
  • Ca: Low (but falsely) = falsely low calcium
102
Q

Hypoparathyroidism due to thyroid/parathyroid surgery

A
  • PTH : Low
  • Ca: Low
  • PO4: High
103
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma (NSCLC)

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
104
Q

Multiple myeloma

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
  • ALP: High
105
Q

Bone metastasis from malignancy

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
  • ALP: High
106
Q

Acromegaly

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
  • PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia) maybe
  • Glucose: High (Hyperglycaemia)
107
Q

Thyrotoxicosis

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia) maybe
108
Q

Calcium containing antacids

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
109
Q

Sarcoidosis

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
110
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia) maybe present
111
Q

Histoplasmosis

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
112
Q

Milk alkali syndrome

A
  • Ca: High (Hypercalcaemia)
113
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

A
  • Uric acid: High (hyperuricaemia)
114
Q

Myeloproliferative disorders

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
115
Q

PRV (polycythaemia rubra vera)

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
116
Q

CML

A
  • Uric acid: High​ (Hyperuricaemia)
117
Q

ET (Essesntial thrombosis)

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia) (GOUT)
  • So, do NOT prescribe Lasix in ET patient (Contraindicated); As it is furosemide (Diuretics) that causes hyperuricaemia itself >>> combination will worse the condition
118
Q

Myelofibrosis

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
119
Q

Lymphoproliferative disorders

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
120
Q

CLL

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
121
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
122
Q

Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
123
Q

Psoriasis (severe)

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
124
Q

Cytotoxic agents >>> tumour lysis

(= Tumour lysis syndrome: TLS)

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
  • K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
  • PO4: High (Hyperphosphataemia)
  • Ca: Low (Hypocalcaemia)
125
Q

Diet rich in purines

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
126
Q

Exercise

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
127
Q

Low dose aspirin

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
128
Q

Drug: Pyrazinamide

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
129
Q

Pre-eclampsia

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
130
Q

Lead toxicity

A
  • Uric acid: High (Hyperuricaemia)
131
Q

COPD

A
  • Respiratory acidosis +/- type II respiratory failure
  • respiratory acidosis is due to hypoventilation
  • type 2 R.F may or may not be present
132
Q

Life-threatening asthma

A
  • Respiratory acidosis +/- type II respiratory failure
  • respiratory acidosis is due to hypoventilation
  • type 2 R.F maybe or may not be present
133
Q

Near fatal asthma

A
  • Respiratory acidosis AND type II respiratory failure
  • respiratory acidosis is due to hypoventilation
134
Q

Respiratory muscle disease

A
  • Respiratory acidosis
135
Q

Drug: Benzodiazepines

A
  • Respiratory acidosis
136
Q

Drug: opiates

A
  • Respiratory acidosis
137
Q

Anxiety

A
  • Respiratory alkalosis + high pO2
138
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A
  • Respiratory alkalosis
  • Low pO2 [type-I RF: low pO2 + low pCO2]
139
Q

Salicylate poisoning

A
  • (Respiratory alkalosis +
  • Metabolic acidosis)
  • Low pO2: (IF present >>> its type 1 respiratory failure)
140
Q

CNS disorders, e.g. stroke, SAH, encephalitis

A
  • Respiratory alkalosis
141
Q

High altitude

A
  • Respiratory alkalosis
142
Q

Acute asthma attack

A
  • It can cause low pCO2 → respiratory alkalosis; if also low pO2 → + type-I RF:
  • but when pCO2 goes high >>> it causes near-fatal OR life-threatening asthma + respiratory acidosis; if also low pO2 → + type 2 R.F)
143
Q

Drug: Aldactone

A
  • K: High (Hyperkalaemia)
144
Q

Drug: Heparin (UFH and LMWH)

A
  • K: High (Hyperkalaemia)

Electrolytes and Acid-base disorders (18 decks)

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