clinical conditions

Question 1

pathology of Osteoarthritis OA

Answer 1

• Excessive loading of joint and damage to articular cartilage
• increased proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes
• flaking and fibrillation of cartilage, leading to erosion of cartillage
• Resulting in loss of joint space

Question 2

symptoms of OA

Answer 2

• stiffness after rest (e.g. getting out of bed)
• pain, swelling and tenderness of the hip joint
• Crepitus - crunching sound or feeling
• reduced range of motion

Question 3

risk factors and causes of OA

Answer 3

Primary : risk factors age gender ethnicity gentics etc

Secondary : causes obesity trauma infection and inflammatory arthritis

Question 4

How does OA appear on an xray

Answer 4

• reduced joint space
• subchondral sclerosis
  bone cysts
  osteophytes

Question 5

Neck of femur fractures pathology and presentation

Answer 5

• Fracture of the femoral neck up to 5cm below lesser trochanter
• externally rotated, shortend and abducted lower limb

Question 6

which NOF risks avascular necrosis and why

Answer 6

• Intracapsular NOF risks avascular necrosis
• medial femoral circumflex artery can be damaged
• main arterial supply for the head of the femur

Question 7

what causes the external rotation and shortend limb in NOF

Answer 7

• the strong mucsles of the thigh pull the distal fragment of the femur upwards e.g rectus femoris
• the strong abductors that attach to the greater trochanter cause lateral rotation e.g gluteus medius and minimus
  short lateral rotators also rotate e.g. quadratus femoris