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APU MFT CCE Prep - Clinical > Clinical Comp - Disorders > Flashcards

Clinical Comp - Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

A. Disregard for and violation of others rights since age 15, as indicated by one of the seven sub features:
- Failure to obey laws and norms by engaging in behavior which results in criminal arrest, or would warrant criminal arrest
- Lying, deception, and manipulation, for profit or self-amusement,
- Impulsive behavior
- Irritability and aggression, manifested as frequently assaults others, or engages in fighting
- Blatantly disregards safety of self and others,
- A pattern of irresponsibility
- Lack of remorse for actions

The other diagnostic Criterion are:
B. The person is at least age 18,
C. Conduct disorder was present by history before age 15
D. and the antisocial behavior does not occur in the context of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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2
Q
  • Contamination
  • Doubt/Checking
  • Ordering/Arranging
  • Unacceptable or taboo thoughts
A

Types of OCD Patterns

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3
Q
  • Recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by eating in a concrete period of time an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most people would eat in a similar amount of time accompanied by a sense of lack of control overeating, i.e. can’t stop eating or can’t control what they are eating
  • Binge eating is associated with: eating more rapidly than normal, until uncomfortably full, large amounts of food when not hungry, eating along because they feel embarrassed about their eating habits, feeling disgusted with themselves.
  • Marked distress regarding binge eating
  • Binging occurs at least 1x per week for 3 months
  • Not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory bxs and does not occur during bulimia or anorexia.
A

Binge-Eating Disorder

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4
Q
  • Recurrent pulling out of hair, can result in hair loss
  • repeated attempts t decrease or stop
  • hair pulling causes significant distress and dysfunction
  • Do not usually report pain with pulling
  • Chronic
  • Mounting tension until they succumb to urge and experience release
A

Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling Disorder)

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5
Q
  • Recurrent episodes of binge-eating
  • Recurrent inappropriate compensatory bxs in order to prevent weight gain such as: use of laxatives, diuretics, or other meds, fasting, excessive exercise, etc.
  • Binge eating and inappropriate compensation bxs both occur at least once a week for 3 months.
  • Self image is negatively impacted by obsessions of body shape or weight
A

Bulimia Nervosa

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6
Q
  • An eating or feeding disturbance, such as apparent lack of interest in eating or food; avoidance of food based on sensory characteristics, etc, that is manifested as a persistent failure to meet appropriate nutritional needs
  • Significant weight loss
  • Significant nutritional deficiency
  • Dependence of enteral feeding or oral nutritional supplements
    -Disturbance is not better explained by lack of available food or cultural practice
  • The eating disturbance does not occur exclusively during anorexia and bulimia
A

Avoidant/Restritctive Food Intake Disorder

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7
Q
  • Feeling too embarrassed to speak, write, or eat in public or use restroom in public
  • Fear of appearing clumsy or shameful
  • Physical sxs (increased heart rate, respiration, sweating, etc.)
  • Disproportionate fear of embarrassment or social rejection
  • In children, includes peers as well as adults
  • Duration 6+ months
A

Social Anxiety Disorder
Social Phobia

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8
Q
  • Characterized by impulsive and aggressive outbursts. These outbursts can be in the form of verbal tirades or physical aggression.
    -Outbursts are impulsive, not premeditated and extremely difficult to predict.
  • Outbursts happen without trigger or are not proportionate to the preceding trigger or stressor.
  • Outbursts must occur about twice a week for at least three months
  • Clts must be 6+ years old
A

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

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9
Q

Criterion A is: Global mistrust and suspicion of others motives which commences in adulthood. The seven sub features of criterion A are:
1.The person with PPD will believe others are using, lying to, or harming them, without apparent evidence thereof.
2.They will have doubts about the loyalty and trustworthiness of others,
3.,They will not confide in others due to the belief that their confidence will be betrayed.
4.They will interpret ambiguous or benign remarks as hurtful or threatening, and
5. Hold grudges,
6. In the absence of objective evidence, believe their reputation or character are being assailed by others, and will retaliate in some manner and
7. Will be jealous and suspicious without cause that intimate partners are being unfaithful.

Criterion B is that the above symptoms will not be during a psychotic episode in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depressive disorder with psychotic features

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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10
Q
  • There are six diagnostic criterion:
    -For at least a two year period, there have been episodes of hypomanic and depressive experiences which do not meet the full DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for hypomania or major depressive disorder.
  • The above criteria had been present at least half the time during a two year period, with not more than two months of symptom remission.
  • There is no history of diagnoses for manic, hypomanic, or a depressive episode.
  • The symptoms in criterion A are cannot be accounted for by a psychotic disorder, such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenifrom disorder, or delusional disorder.
  • The symptoms cannot be accounted for by substance use or a medical condition.
  • The symptoms cause distress or significant impairment in social or occupational functioning.
A

Cyclothymic Disorder

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11
Q
  • characterized by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior
  • Sxs are persistent and are present in clt’s mental health and relational hx
A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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12
Q
  • Clt displays no normal reticence in the company of strangers
  • approaches and begins conversations with strange and unknown adults
  • Excessively familiar and sociable with strangers
  • Willing to follow and leave with strangers
  • Appears indifferent to departure of caregivers and does not “check-in” or seek out caregivers.
  • Patterns or evidence of extreme adverse child care
  • Developmental age of at least 9 months
A

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

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13
Q
  • A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently goal-directed behavior or energy, lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary).
    During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy or activity, three (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted (four if the mood is only irritable) are present to a significant degree and represent a noticeable change from usual behavior:
  • Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
  • Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep)
  • More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
  • Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
  • Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli), as reported or observed.
  • Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation
  • Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments).
  • Marked impairment to functioning and may necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm
  • Not attributed to substances.
A

Manic Episode

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14
Q
  • Fear of situations or places where escape is perceived as difficult or embarrassing
  • Avoidance of feared places or situations
  • Experiences intense anxiety or a companion when confronting place/situation
  • Can develop from experiencing a series of panic attacks
  • Develops quickly
  • Duration 6+ Months
  • Danger is perceived from environment, not relationships
A

Agoraphobia

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15
Q
  • Anxiety when separated from parent or other attachment figure
  • May being with moving to a new home, school, beginning a medical procedure, serious illness, or loss of important friend, pet, or relative
  • Experiences strong reluctance to leave home
  • Fear of sleeping alone
  • Duration 6+ months with Adults
  • Duration 4+ weeks with children
A

Separation Anxiety Disorder

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16
Q

-Repetitive bxs that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession
- Bxs and mental acts are aimed at either relieving distress/anxiety or preventing distress/anxiety

A

Compulsion

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17
Q
  • Presents as hyperactive, impulsive, or inattentive (sometimes all three)
    -difficulty maintaining focus/paying attention in work or play
    -readily distracted
    -neglect details/careless
    -poor organization
    -impact multiple areas of functioning
    -duration 6+ months
    -onset before age 12
A

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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18
Q
  • Experience a change in functioning that is a result from a Major Depressive Episode
  • Sxs are clinically distressing or impairing across important areas of functioning.
  • Episode(s) are not attributed to substance or medical conditions
  • No hx of manic or hypomanic episode
A

Major Depressive Disorder

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19
Q

-problems with short- and long-term memory
-onset is gradual
-problems with motor skills and executive functioning

A

Neurocognitive Disorder

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20
Q
  • Persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances of at least 1 month.
  • The eating bxs are not appropriate to the development level of the clt.
  • The eating bxs are not culturally appropriate or socially normative
  • The eating bxs occur outside of the context of another mental disorder
A

Pica

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21
Q
  • Marked preoccupation with perceived defects or flaws of their own body or appearance
  • defect or flaw is not visible or very slight to others
  • attempt to hide flaws or defects with clothing or hair
  • Avoidance of social situations
  • preoccupation causes clinical distress in areas of functioning
  • repetitive image and appearance checking as well as comparing with others
  • Mostly poor insight and judgement
A

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

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22
Q

-Demonstrates impaired social interactions and communications
-stereotyped behaviors and interests
-three categories (communication, socialization, motor behavior)
-duration starts from early childhood, symptoms appear may later as a response to demands of socialization

A

Autism Spectrum Disorder

23
Q
  • Child elects not to talk, except when alone or with select individuals
  • Begins during preschool years
  • Often improves spontaneously
  • Excludes bxs during first month of the child’s first year of school.
  • Duration 1+ month
A

Selective Mutism

24
Q
  • Most prominent symptom is an angry or irritable mood characterized by verbal or aggressive outbursts that are out of proportion to the trigger.
  • Outbursts occur at least 3 times each week. Outbursts must occur both at two different locations, such as both home and school, and must be inappropriate for the child’s developmental age. Between outbursts, the child’s mood is pervasively irritable and unhappy.
  • Not a covert experience, as parents, teachers and others will notice that something is wrong.
  • Diagnosis can only be made between the ages of 6 and 18, but onset must occur before the age of 10.
  • Further DSM-5 diagnostic criterion requires that the pattern of behavior must persist for at least 12 months.
A

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

25
Q
  • Avoids occupational activities involving significant interpersonal contact, due to fears of criticism, disapproval, or rejection
  • Is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of acceptance
  • Shows restraint within intimate relationships due to fears of shame or ridicule
  • Preoccupied with fears of receiving criticism or rejection in social situations
  • Inhibited in new interpersonal situations due to feelings of inadequacy
  • Considers self as inferior to others, socially inept, or personally unappealing
  • Is unusually reluctant to take personal risks or to engage in any new activities because they may prove embarrassing
A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

26
Q

-A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months as evidenced by at least four symptoms of the following categories, and exhibited during interaction with at least one individual who is not a sibling:
Angry/Irritable Mood
- Often loses temper
- Is often touchy or easily annoyed
- Is often angry and resentful
- Argumentative/Defiant Behavior
- Often argues with authority figures or, for children and adolescents, with adults
- Often actively defies or refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules
- Often deliberately annoys others
- Often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior
- Vindictiveness: Has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past 6 months.
- The disturbance in behavior is associated with distress in the individual or others in his or her immediate social context (e.g., family, peer group, work colleagues) or it impacts negatively on social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
- Bx is not better explained by another diagnosis, substance, or medical condition

A

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

27
Q

An excessive and pervasive need to be taken care of, submissive, clinging, needy behavior due to fear of abandonment. This may be expressed by:
- Difficulty making routine decisions without input, reassurance, and advice from others.
- Requires others to assume responsibilities which they should be attending to.
- Fear of disagreeing with others and risking disapproval.
- Difficulty starting projects without support from others.
- Excessive need to obtain nurturance and support from others, even allowing other to impose themselves rather than risk rejection or disapproval.
- Feels vulnerable and helpless when alone.
- Desperately seeks another relationship when one ends.
- Unrealistic preoccupation with being left alone and unable to care for themselves.
Onset generally in young adulthood but sxs can be observed in younger years

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

28
Q
  • Consistent pattern of inhibited and emotionally withdrawn bxs toward caregiver
  • Persistent social and emotional disturbance such as little emotional display/social response, episodes of unprovoked irritation or sadness, tantrums/desperate clinging to resist separation, etc.
  • Patterns of extremes of insufficient care as a child
  • Disturbance must be evident before age 5 and criteria for Autism Disorder is not met
  • Clt must be at least 9 months old
A

Reactive Attachment Disorder

29
Q
  • Brief episodes of intense dread with physical and other psychological sxs (Panic Attacks)
  • Surprise Attacks
  • Fear of recurring attacks
  • Attempts to avert future attacks via taking action
  • Duration 1+ months
  • One of the most common Anxiety disorders
A

Panic Disorder

30
Q
  • Sxs appear in early adulthood and occurs in a range of situations
  • A grandiose logic of self-importance
  • A fixation with fantasies of infinite success, control, brilliance, beauty, or idyllic love
  • A credence that he or she is extraordinary and exceptional and can only be understood by, or should connect with, other extraordinary or important people or institutions
  • A desire for unwarranted admiration
  • A sense of entitlement
  • Interpersonally oppressive behavior
  • No form of empathy
  • Resentment of others or a conviction that others are resentful of him or her
  • A display of egotistical and conceited behaviors or attitudes

Cannot be diagnosed until clt is over 18 years old

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

31
Q
  • Diagnosis for clts under age 18 with at least four of the following have to be present:
  • Aggressive behavior toward others and animals.
  • Frequent physical altercations with others.
  • Use of a weapon to harm others.
  • Deliberately physically cruel to other people.
  • Deliberately physically cruel to animals.
  • Involvement in confrontational economic order crime- e.g.,
    mugging.
  • Has perpetrated a forcible sex act on another.
  • Property destruction by arson.
  • Property destruction by other means.
  • Has engaged in non-confrontational economic order crime- e.g., breaking and entering.
  • Has engaged in non-confrontational retail theft, e.g., shoplifting.
  • Disregarded parent’s curfew prior to age 13.
  • Has run away from home at least two times.
  • Has been truant before age 13.
A

Conduct Disorder

32
Q
  • Clt experiences at least one Major Depressive Episode
  • Clt has experienced at least one episode of hypomania
  • Episode of hypomania does not meet threshold for mania and last at least 4 days
  • Depressive episode must last at least 14 days
  • Never involves psychosis or hospitalization
A

Bipolar II Disorder

33
Q

-substance taken frequently enough to produce clinically important distress/impaired functioning
-result in certain behavioral characteristics
-use is problematic
-pattern of use
-causes distress or impairment (interferes with persons life)
-interference must be showen by at least 2 symptoms from DSM list of 11
- use more than is intended, attempt to reduce usage, time spent getting or using, craving, shirking obligations, social problems, reduced activities, use despite physical danger, use despite physical/pshcho disorder, withdrawal symptoms

A

Substance Use Disorder

34
Q
  • Feelings of sadness and despair, even including suicidality, anxiety and panic attacks, crying, irritability and anger, lack of interest in or attention to activities and relationships, fatigue and tiredness, difficulty focusing or thinking, food cravings and binge eating, and feeling out of control are common.
  • Assorted somatic symptoms include breast tenderness, bloating, headache and pain. These symptoms resolve after the onset of menstruation.
  • Symptoms last on average 6 days and are most intense just before and after the start of menstrual flow.
A

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

35
Q

Overly concerned with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, a pattern that begins by early adulthood and includes four or more of the following:
- A preoccupation with order and details that results in the person missing the point of an activity
- Perfectionism that hinders the completion of tasks
- Devotion to work and productivity to an extent that is excessive and not explained by economic needs
- Excessive conscientiousness and inflexibility related to morality or values (not explained by one’s culture or religion)
- Inability to get rid of worn or worthless objects, even if they lack sentimental value
- Reluctance to delegate tasks to or work with others unless things are done his or her way
- Reluctance to spend money on oneself or others and a belief that money should be hoarded for emergencies
- Rigidity and stubbornness
Often have difficulty expressing feelings of affection and may be uncomfortable with others’ expressions of emotion. May also not appreciate how their insistence on thoroughness negatively impacts others.

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

36
Q
  • Recurrent skin picking that results in skin lesions
  • Repeated attempts to decrease or stop bxs
  • Tension prior to act and skin pulling yields gratification
  • Skin picking bxs cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning
  • Shame or embarrassment may delay tx
A

Excoriation Disorder

37
Q
  • Restriction of food/calorie/energy intake that results in significantly low body weight in relation to age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health
  • Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat. Persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even if at a significantly low weight
  • Disturbance in the way that clt perceives own body weight or shape. Clt has significantly undue negative self-image. Clt demonstrates persistent lack of recognition of seriousness of the current low body weight.
A

Anorexia Nervosa

38
Q
  • Development of emotional sxs or bxs in response to an identifiable stressor
  • sxs and bxs result in clinically significant distress and impair important areas of functioning
  • Sxs are not representative of normal bereavement
  • Sxs must exceed normal expectations of reactions to stressor/event
  • Duration begins 3 months after stressor and stops within 6 months of stressor
A

Adjustment Disorder

39
Q
  • Repeated regurgitation of food over a period of at least 1 month. Regurgitated food may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out.
  • Bxs are not attributed to gastrointestinal or medical conditions
  • Eating disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of anorexia, bulimia, binge-eating, or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder.
A

Rumination Disorder

40
Q
  • Exposure to actual or threat of death, serious injury, or sexual violence
  • Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the event
  • Recurrent distressing dreams of the event or related to the event
  • Dissociative reactions where the clt feels that they are reliving the event
    -Intense and prolonged psychological and mental distress at internal or external cues related to the event.
  • Persistent avoidance of stimuli related to the event
  • Hyperarousal
  • Negative cognitive alterations and changes in mood
  • Duration 1+ month
A

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

41
Q
  • Unwarranted fear directed at specific objects or situations
  • Anxiety due to exposure
  • Anxiety is specified and directed
  • Anxiety and fear worsen as they get closer to object/situation
  • Anticipatory anxiety
  • Vasovagal response
  • Can be more than one
  • Duration 6+ months
A

Specific Phobia

42
Q
  • Terrified of abandonment, whether real or imagined and employs frantic efforts to avoid such abandonment. Intense fears of abandonment can occur even when expecting the separation.
  • Characterized by identity problems, such as a weak or distorted sense of self. Dramatic changes in interests, goals or values, undermining their own efforts, such as destroying healthy relationships, or quitting school right before graduation.
  • Impulsivity that is self-damaging and could relate to substance abuse, reckless driving, gambling, binge eating, unsafe sex, or unwise spending.
  • A strong sense of emptiness.
  • Self harm behaviors, such as cutting, picking, or burning, as well as suicidal ideations, threats and behaviors are also common. Although self-harm and suicidal behaviors can be genuine and should be taken seriously, they can also be used as frantic efforts to avoid abandonment and can also be impulsive.
    -may express disproportionate or inappropriate anger which can result in temper problems or physical fights.
  • May experience dissociative symptoms or paranoia when under stress
A

Borderline Personality Disorder

43
Q
  • The individual must be in a depressed mood for most of the day for the majority of days over at least a two-year period, indicated either by subjective account or the observation of others.
    Require at least two of the following during the two year period, the symptoms have not been absent for more two months at a time. The criteria for a major depressive order may be continuously present for the two years:
  • Poor appetite or overeating
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia
    -Low energy or fatigue
  • Low self-esteem
  • Poor concentration
  • Feelings of hopelessness

-The individual has never experienced a manic or hypomania episode. The criteria for cyclothymic disorder has never been met. Drug abuse or another medical disorder do not explain the symptoms.

A

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

44
Q
  • Persistent difficulty to discard or part with possessions, regardless of value
  • Feels a strong need to “save” things and strong distress with discarding items
  • results in accumulation of things and an increase of clutter in living spaces that substantially compromises intended use
  • Does not meet OCD criteria
  • ## accumulation and difficulty of discarding items causes significant distress and impairment in areas of living and function
A

Hoarding Disorder

45
Q
  • Presence of both compulsions and obsessions that result in dread and anxiety
  • 4 Major symptom patterns
  • Bxs are recognized as odd or strange
  • Distinguished obsessions from psychosis/delusions
  • Usually Chronic
  • 2/3 are comorbid with MDD
A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

46
Q

Five or more depressive sxs that are present nearly every day during the same 2-week period:
- Depressed Mood most of the day
- Marked diminished level of interest or pleasure in activities that were previously pleasurable
- Significant weight loss or weight gain, or marked change in appetite
- A slowing down of thought and reduction of physical movement
- Fatigue and loss of energy
- Feelings of worthlessness and excessive/inappropriate guilt
- Difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions
- Recurrent thoughts of death, suicide, with or without a specific plan for committing suicide.

A

Major Depressive Episode

47
Q

Presenting Sxs
- Shallow, changeable emotions
- Assumed intimacy with others
- Hypersensitivity to criticism
- Manipulative behavior
- Disproportionate emotional reactions
- Sexually provocative behavior
- A compulsive desire for attention
- Preoccupation with appearance
- Suggestible and easily influenced

Diagnostic Criterion
- A compulsion to be the center of attention that results in discomfort if unmet
- Inappropriate sexual, seductive or provocative behavior when interacting with others
- Shallow, rapidly shifting emotions
- The use of physical appearance to draw others’ attention
- Dramatic, impressionistic speech that lacks detail
- Exaggerated, theatrical emotional expression
- Easily influenced by others or situations
- Assumes relationships are more intimate than they are

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

48
Q
  • A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least 4 consecutive days and present most of the day, nearly every day.
  • During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy or activity, three (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted (four if the mood is only irritable), represent a noticeable change from usual behavior, and have been present to a significant degree:
    1- Inflated self-esteem
    2- Decreased need for sleep
    3- More talkative than normal or high pressure to keep talking
    4- Flight of ideas
    5- Distractability
    6- Increased goal-oriented activity
    7- Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have high potential for painful consequences
    -The episode is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization.
A

Hypomanic Episode

49
Q
  • Exposure to actual or threat of death, serious injury, or sexual violence
  • Intrusive sxs such as involuntary memories, dreams, and dissociative reactions that are recurrent and distressing
  • Persistent inability to experience positive mood/emotions
  • Dissociative sxs such as altered sense of reality and inability to remember aspects of events
  • Avoidance of memories, thoughts, places, things, and reminders of traumatic event
  • Hyperarousal sxs such as sleep disturbance, irritability and angry outbursts, hypervigilance, difficulty concentrating, etc.
  • Duration of 3 days to 1 month
A

Acute Stress Disorder

50
Q
  • Sxs are persistent and are present in clt’s mental health and relational hx
    -displays the characteristic indifference to praise or criticism
    -feels “fine” about her lack of social contact
    -restricted interests
    -wants to be left alone
A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

51
Q
  • Excessive worry about most things (general anxiety - nondirected)
  • Feelings of tenseness, anxiousness, and nervousness about many different issues
  • Chronic, difficult to control or manage
  • Feelings of worry and anxiety start without specific cause
  • No episodes of acute panic
  • Increased irritation and irritability
  • Constant low-level nervousness
  • Feeling that they are “on” for most days
  • Duration 6+ months
A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

52
Q
  • Recurring and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive and unwanted
  • Result in marked anxiety or distress
A

Obsession

53
Q
  • Clt must have experienced at least one episode of mania or hypomania
  • Clt must have experienced at least one Major Depressive Episode
  • Fluctuations between episodes may vary in time and severity but must meet clinical criterion
A

Bipolar I Disorder

APU MFT CCE Prep - Clinical (3 decks)

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