Clinical Chemistry Flashcards
started the belief that diseases are caused by imbalances of humors
Hippocrates
explained diseases in terms of localized pathologic anatomy
Giovanni Morgagni
Father of Modern Chemistry
“chemical analysis is a refined type of dissection”
Antoine Laurent Lavoiser
“living organisms contain a vital force that were unique and cannot be duplicated in the laboratory”
vitalists
“life could be fully explained by chemical and physical principles and properties like machines”
mechanists
“there is a continuity between man and animals”
darwinists
succesful in isolating urea from urine samples, toppling vitalism
Antoine Francois de Fourcroy
able to synthesize urea in vitro by evaporating an isometric solution of ammonium cyanate and gave the first proof against vitalism
Friedrich Wohler
able to synthesize organic compunds like ethanol, formic acid, and benzene via chemical treatments of inorganic compounds
Marcellin Berthelot
discovered that glycogen was formed by the liver contradicting vitalist belief that only plants can produce complex compounds
Claude Bernard
the first to observe that urea and albumin concentration in plasma is inversely proportionate to concentration in urine
John Bostock
a vitalist to make the first true connection between chemistry and medical practice
William Prout
stressed the diagnostic value of chemistry and using english in medicine
Henry Bence Jones
“chemical studies are relevant to clinical medicine”
Thomas Hodgkin
first to establish Chemist Microscopist position
Massachusetts General Hospital
proposed American Hospitals to employ clinical chemists to differentiate between physiologic and pathologic
Otto Knut Folin
determined reference intervals of chemicals/analytes, correlating abnormal values with pathologic conditions
Otto Knut Folin and Donald Dexter Van Slyke
protein free filtrate to determine blood sugar and Dubsoq type colorimeter for creatinine in urine
Otto Knut Folin and Hsien Wu
developed alkaline picrate method for determination of creatinine concentration
Max Jaffe
observation of the intensity of colored product after chemical reactions
colorimetry
measurement of light absorbance at selected wavelengths
spectrophotometry
the first attempt in automation continuous flow instrument that reacted with specimen reagents to produce a measurable color density
Auto-Analyzer
the second attempt in automation and the first clinical analyzer to incorporate a computer
centrifugal analyzer
capable of running multiple tests
Sequential Multiple Analyzer with Computer
introduced the perfected technology of automated pipetting
Beckman Astra
the most commonly performed assay in clinical chemistry
blood sugar testing
blood sugar testing detects
hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic states
blood sugar testing that measures the level of glucose at any time of the day
random blood sugar
blood sugar testing that prohibits the patient to eat and drink any liquids other than water for at least eight hours
fasting blood sugar
blood sugar testing usually for pregnant patients to rule out or confirm diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
reflects the average blood glucose levels over a three month period
Hemoglobin A1c test
Glycated hemoglobin
Glycosylated hemoglobin
a combination of tests to check for any risks of cardiovascular diseases
Lipid Profile Tests
three concentrations determined in the Lipid Profile tests
fatty acids or triglycerides- the storage form of fat
cholesterol- steroid alcohol and precursor of hormones
lipoproteins- carriers of cholesterol and triglycerides
four types of lipoproteins measured
Low Density Lipoprotein
High Density Lipoprotein
Very Low Density Lipoprotein
Chylomicrons
transports cholesterol from LIVER to PERIPHERAL TISSUES
Low Density Lipoprotein or bad cholesterol
transports cholesterol from PERIPHERAL TISSUES to LIVER for metabolism
High Density Lipoprotein good cholesterol
transports EXOGENOUS triglycerides (coming from diet) to muscles and adipocytes
Chylomicrons
transports ENDOGENOUS triglycerides
VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
tests for kidney
Renal Funtion Tests
Renal Function Tests include
Creatinine
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Blood Uric Acid
waste product of muscle metabolism thats is elevated in impaired renal function
creatinine
