Clinical Chemistry

Question 1

Common enzymatic glucose measurements in serum

Answer 1

Oxidase
Hexokinase
Dehydrogenase

Question 2

Common Anticoagulants

Answer 2

Heparin
Sodium Fluoride
EDTA
Oxalate
Iodoacetate 
Citrate
Sodium

Question 3

Normal GTT

Answer 3

Rises to peak then restores to the first level

Question 4

Decreased GTT

Answer 4

Rises to peak and remains high

Question 5

Elevated CSF glucose level

Answer 5

Increased permeability of meninges

Question 6

Normal CSF (compared to plasma level)

Answer 6

60% of plasma level

Question 7

Source of Error of glucose test

Answer 7

Hemolysis
Lipemic
Time of collection
Time of serum separation
Inappropriate anticoagulant use

Question 8

Excretion site of Creatinine

Answer 8

Entirely by Glomerulus

Not significantly secreted or reabsorbed by tubules

Question 9

Increased serum creatinine

Answer 9

Impaired renal function (50-60%)

Question 10

Serum Creatinine level

Answer 10

0. 6-1.1 mg/dl

0. 5-0.8 mg/dl

Question 11

Urine Creatinine level

Answer 11

8-20 g/24hr

6-18 g/24hr

Question 12

Synthesis of Urea

Answer 12

Liver; CO2 and Ammonia (deamination of amino acid)

Question 13

Excretion of Urea

Answer 13

90% excreted through kidney
Freely filtrated by glomerulus
40% passively diffused from tubule

Question 14

Increased Urea (BUN)

Answer 14

Increased protein intake/synthesis
Decreased kidney function/excretion
Dehydration

Question 15

Decreased Urea (BUN)

Answer 15

Decreased protein intake/synthesis

Decreased liver function (Ammonia to Urea conversion)

Question 16

Indirect method of Urea determination

Answer 16

Hydrolysis of urea with urease to determine amount of ammonium ion

Question 17

Adult Serum BUN range

Answer 17

6-20 mg/dl

Question 18

Newborn Serum BUN range

Answer 18

3-25 mg/dl

Question 19

Urine BUN range

Answer 19

12-20 g/24 hr

Question 20

Uric Acid formation

Answer 20

End product of purine metabolism by liver

Question 21

Uric Acid excretion

Answer 21

Readily filtered by glomerulus

Undergoes a complex cycle of reabsorption and secretion by the tubules

Question 22

Decreased Uric Acid level

Answer 22

Kidney disease

Question 23

Increased Uric Acid

Answer 23

Gout

Liver disease

Question 24

Adult serum Uric Acid level

Answer 24

3. 5-7.2 mg/dl

2. 6-6.0 mg/dl

Question 25

Synthetic function of Liver test

Answer 25

Albumin PT Bilirubin

Question 26

Hepatocyte Injury test

Answer 26

ALT (Alanine Transaminase) | AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)

Question 27

Cholestasis liver test

Answer 27

Bilirubin | ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)

Question 28

Mild inflammation of liver

Answer 28

Reversibly increase permeability of cell membrane | Cytoplasmic AST, ALT

Question 29

Necrosis of liver

Answer 29

Mitochondrial AST

Question 30

Location of ALP

Answer 30

``` Liver Bone Placenta Kidney Intestine Surface of bile duct epithelia ```

Question 31

Indicator of liver synthetic function

Answer 31

Bilirubin Albumin Prothrombin

Question 32

Use of Antigen tests

Answer 32

Early diagnosis of infectious disease

Question 33

Use of Antibody tests

Answer 33

Diagnose microbial disease Screen donor blood Monitor effectiveness of treatment

Question 34

Direct HCG agglutination test

Answer 34

Reagent coated with anti HCG mixed with urine

Question 35

Indirect HCG method

Answer 35

Detects prevention of agglutination of HCG-coated latex particles by HCG present in the urine

Question 36

Strip HCG test

Answer 36

Reaction between HCG in urine and gold coated antibody on the strip

Question 37

Factors that affect pregnancy test

Answer 37

``` Miscarriage (within 4 weeks) HCG injection Blood in urine Soap in container Diuretics Medication ```

Question 38

False positive Widal test

Answer 38

Past infection Cross reaction with other disease Improper technique, handling

Question 39

False negative Widal test

Answer 39

Early typhoid cases Laboratory personnel Poor antigen preparation, transport and storage

Question 40

HIV test algorithm

Answer 40

Sequence of assays performed to detect HIV antibody in body fluid

Question 41

3 tests of HIV algorithm

Answer 41

KHB (NR - negative) Stat Pak (R - positive) Unigold