Clinical Boxes Quiz 1 Flashcards
Communicating connections between the multiple branches of an artery that provide numerous potential detours for blood flow in the case the usual pathway is obstructed by compression, position of a joint, pathology, or surgical ligation.
Anastomoses
Alternate vessels in the body that can take over when another artery or vein is blocked or damaged.
Collateral circulation
Arteries that do not anastomose with adjacent arteries.
Terminal arteries
An artery with ineffective anastomoses so that it is unable to maintain viability of the tissue if an occlusion occurs. Supply segments of the brain, liver, kidney, spleen, and intestines.
Functional terminal arteries
The most common acquired disease of arteries, a group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.
Arteriosclerosis
A common form of arteriosclerosis associated with the buildup of fat in the arterial walls.
Atherosclerosis
Calcium deposits that result in arterial narrowing and irregularity.
Atheromatous plaque
Formation of a local clot.
Thrombosis
Reduction of blood supply to an organ or region.
Ischemia
Local death of an organ or tissue.
Infarction
Necrosis is parts of the limbs.
Gangrene
Abnormally twisted, swollen veins most often seen in the legs.
Varicose veins
Valves in a vein in which the cusps do not meet or have been destroyed by inflammation.
Incompetent valves
Prolong the ribs anteriorly and contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic wall, preventing many blows from fracturing the sternum and/or ribs. In the elderly they undergo calcification and are less resilient.
Costal cartilages
Result from direct blows or indirectly from crushing injuries. Most common in middle ribs and just anterior to the rib angle.
Rib fractures
Occurs when a sizable segment of the anterior and/or lateral thoracic wall moves freely because of multiple rib fractures. This allows the loose segment of the wall to move paradoxically. Extremely painful and impairs ventilation.
Flail chest
Ribs that are present in up to 1% of people and articulate with the C7 vertebra and are clinically significant because they may compress spinal nerves C8 and T1 or the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus supplying the upper limb.
Cervical ribs
Less common than cervical ribs but may confuse the identification of vertebral levels in diagnostic imaging.
Lumbar ribs
The surgical creation of an opening through the thoracic wall to enter a pleural cavity.
Thoracotomy
Making H-shaped cuts through the perichondrium of one or more costal cartilages and then shelling out segments of costal cartilage to gain entrance to the thoracic cavity.
Anterior thoracotomy
Removal of a lung.
Pneumonectomy
Used for bone marrow needle biopsy because of its breadth and subcutaneous position.
Sternal body
Commonly used to obtain specimens of bone marrow for transplantation and for detection of metastatic cancer.
Sternal biopsy
Splitting of the sternum in the median plane to gain wide access to the thoracic cavity for surgical procedures.
Median sternotomy
Group of disorders that occur when blood vessels and nerves in the superior thoracic aperture are compressed, causing pain and numbness in the neck and upper limbs.
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Displacement of a costal cartilage from the sternum.
Rib dislocation
Dislocation of a costochondral junction between a rib and its costal cartilage.
Rib separation
An extension of the mammary gland of the superolateral quadrant of the breast.
Axillary process
A creamy white to yellowish pre milk fluid that may be secreted from the nipples during the last trimester of pregnancy and during initial episodes of nursing.
Colostrum
More than two breasts.
Supernumerary breasts
More than two nipples.
Polythelia
Malignant tumors arising from the epithelial cells of the lactiferous ducts on the mammary gland lobules.
Carcinomas of the breast
Enter a lymphatic vessel and usually pass through two or three groups of lymph nodes before entering the venous system.
Metastatic cancer cells
Excess fluid in the subcutaneous tissue.
Lymphadema
Breast cancer spreading through the lymphatic vessels.
Lymphogenic metastasis
Radiographic study of the breast, which is flattened to extend the area that can be examined and reduce thickness, making it more uniform for increased visualization.
Mammography
A viral disease of spinal ganglia causing skin lesions with a dermatomal distribution
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Difficulty breathing in which a person may use their accessory respiratory muscles to assist the expansion of their thoracic cavities.
Dyspnea
Local anesthesia of an intercostal space produced by injecting a local anesthetic agent around the intercostal nerves.
Intercostal nerve block
When air enters the pleural cavity and the surface tension adhering visceral to parietal pleura is broken and the lung collapses.
Pulmonary collapse
Entry of air into the pleural cavity.
Pneumothorax
The accumulation of a significant amount of fluid in the pleural cavity.
Hydrothorax
Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.
Pleural effusion
Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax
Accumulation of lymph from a torn thoracic duct in the pleural cavity.
Chylothorax
Inflammation of the pleurae.
Pleuritis
The most common accessory lobe which appears in the right lung in approximately 1% of people.
Azygos lobe
Insertion of a hypodermic needle through an intercostal space into the pleural cavity to obtain a sample of pleural fluid or to remove blood or pus.
Thoracocentesis
The wider and shorter bronchus that is more vertical and more like for foreign bodies to be aspirated.
Right main bronchus
Defines the density and size of the heart.
Percussion
Congenital anomalies of the interatrial septum usually related to incomplete closure of the oval formaen.
Atrial septal defects
Clots that can form on the walls of the left atrium in certain types of heat disease.
Thrombi
Occlusion of an artery in the brain.
Cerebrovascular accident
Disorders involving the valves of the heart disturbing the pumping efficiency of the heart.
Valvular heart disease
The failure of a valve to open fully, slowing blood flow from a chamber.
Stenosis
Failure of a valve to close completely.
Vascular insufficiency
Surgical replacement of defective cardiac valves.
Valvoplasty
Insufficient or incompetent valve in which one or both leaflets are enlarged , redundant, or floppy and extending back into the left atrium during systole.
Mitral valve prolapse
The most frequent valve abnormality that results in left ventricular hypertrophy that most often results form degenerative calcification.
Aortic valve stenosis
Valve cusps are fused, forming a dome with a narrow central opening.
Pulmonary valve stenosis
The conus arteriosus is underdeveloped, producing a restriction of right ventricular outflow.
Infundibular pulmonary stenosis
One of the leading cause of death, has many causes all of which result in a reduced blood supply to the vital myocardial tissue.
Coronary artery disease
An area of myocardium that has undergone necrosis.
Myocardial infarction
Characterized by lipid deposits in the intima of the coronary arteries, begins during early adulthood and slowly results in stenosis of the lumina of the arteries.
Arthrosclerotic process
A segment of an artery or vein is connected to the ascending aorta or to the proximal part of a coronary artery and then to the coronary artery distal to the stenosis.
Coronary bypass graft
A catheter with a small inflatable balloon attached to its tip is passed into the obstructed coronary artery. When the catheter reaches the obstruction, the balloon is inflated, flattening the atherosclerotic plaque against the vessel’s wall, and the vessel is stretched to increase the size of the lumen, thus improving blood flow.
Coronary angioplasty
A method of graphically recording the position and motion of the heart by the echo obtained from beams of ultrasonic waves directed through the thorax.
Echocardiography
A duct that is vulnerable to inadvertent injury during procedures. Results in chyle escaping into the thoracic cavity.
Laceration of thoracic duct
Localized dilation that may exert pressure on the trachea, esophagus, and recurrent laryngeal nerve, causing difficulty in breathing and swallowing.
Aortic aneurysm
