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GI Week 1 > Clinical Approach to GI Patient: DSA 1 > Flashcards

Clinical Approach to GI Patient: DSA 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a life-threatening GI cause for pleuritic/retrosternal chest pain?

A

Esophageal perforation

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2
Q

What are iatrogenic causes of esophageal perforation?

What are spontaneous causes?

What is spontaneous esophageal perforation referred to as when there is transmural rupture at gastroesophageal junction?

A

1) Trauma from NG tube or endoscopy
2) Forceful vomiting or history of alcohol use
3) Boerhaave’s syndrome

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3
Q

What does esophageal perforation present with and can be seen on CXR or CT chest with contrast?

A

1) Pneumomediastinum

2) SubQ emphysema

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4
Q

Where is subcutaneous emphysema typically detected?

A

Neck or precordial area

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5
Q

What is the crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, heard over the precordium and particularly in the left lateral decubitus position, and in many occasions associated with muffling of heart sounds?

What part of the heartbeat is it heard?

What is it diagnostic of?

A

1) Hamman’s sign
2) Systole
3) Pneumomediastinum and SubQ emphysema

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6
Q

What bacteria causes peptic ulcer disease?

Where are the most common locations for it?

A

1) H. pylori

2) Duodenal ulcer and Gastric ulcer

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7
Q

How does PUD present on history/PE?

What is a sign of GI bleeding?

A

1) Gnawing, dull, aching epigastric pain along with atypical chest pain
2) Coffee ground emesis

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8
Q

What does EGD with biopsy exclude in PUD?

Even if fluid is negative for blood with a nasogastric lavage what can’t be excluded?

A

1) Malignancy in gastric ulcer

2) Active bleeding from a duodenal ulcer

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9
Q

In the detection of H. Pylori, why do we stop PPI 14 days before fecal and breath tests?

Why are the fecal antigen test and urea breath test good diagnostic tests for H pylori?

A

1) Prevent false negative

2) They confirm eradication

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10
Q

What is the treatment plan for PUD?

A

1) Acid suppression (PPI or H2 blocker)
2) Eradicate H pylori
3) Stop smoking
4) Stop NSAID use

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11
Q

What can ulcers located along the posterior wall of the duodenum or stomach cause if they perforate?

A

Pancreatitis

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12
Q

What condition causes hypertensive peristalsis with greater amplitude and duration but normal coordinated contractions?

A

Nutcracker esophagus

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13
Q

What condition causes multiple spastic contractions of the circular muscle in the esophagus in a disrupted coordinated fashion?

A

Diffuse Esophageal Spasm

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14
Q

What does diffuse esophageal spasm look like on barium swallow x-ray?

A

Corkscrew esophagus, rosary bead esophagus

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15
Q

What effect does nutcracker esophagus have on the lower esophageal sphincter?

What effect does diffuse esophageal spasm have on the LES?

A

1) Relaxes normally, but has elevated pressure at baseline

2) LES function is normal

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16
Q

What symptoms are seen with both nutcracker esophagus and diffuse esophageal spasm?

A

1) Dysphagia to solids and liquids

2) Atypical chest pain

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17
Q

How is nutcracker esophagus diagnosed?

How is diffuse esophageal spasm diagnosed?

A

1) Manometry

2) Manometry and barium swallow

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18
Q

What is the etiology for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

A

1) Ineffective esophageal motility
2) Esophageal dysphagia
3) LES allowing stomach acid to reflux

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19
Q

What is the “water-brash” symptom seen with GERD?

What are some atypical symptoms of GERD?

A

1) Bad taste in mouth from refluxed acid

2) Asthma, chronic cough, hoarseness

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20
Q

What should be done if there are alarming features associated with GERD such as unexplained weight loss, hematemesis and melena?

A

Endoscopy and abdominal imaging

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21
Q

What complications can arise from GERD?

A

1) Laryngopharyngeal reflux

2) Barrett’s esophagus -> Adenocarcinoma

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22
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Herniation of the stomach, into the mediastinum through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

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23
Q

What hernia is a result of increased intraabdominal pressure from abdominal obesity or pregnancy?

Which one causes a herniation into the mediastinum that includes a visceral structure other than the gastric cardia, most commonly the colon?

Which one is associated with GERD?

A

1) Sliding hiatal hernia
2) Paraesophageal hernia
3) Sliding hiatal hernia

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24
Q

What is a major symptom of foreign bodies and food impaction?

A

Hypersalivation

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25
Q

What should your differential look like if a patient presents with atypical chest pain that is GI related?

A

1) Esophageal perforation
2) PUD
3) Esophageal dysmotility: Nutcracker Esophagus or Diffuse Esophageal Spasm
4) GERD
5) Hiatal hernia
6) Food bolus

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26
Q

Which dysphagia is categorized as difficulty initiating swallowing?

At what level does food stick?

A

1) Oropharyngeal dysphagia

2) Suprasternal notch

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27
Q

Esophageal web is a structural problem dealing with what areas of the esophagus?

How do the affected areas correlate with dysphagia?

A

1) Proximal -> Oropharyngeal dysphagia

2) Middle -> Esophageal dysphagia

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28
Q

What is an acquired form of esophageal web?

A

Eosinophilic esophagitis

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29
Q

What is the best diagnostic tool for esophageal webs?

How is it treated?

A

1) Barium swallow

2) Dilation

30
Q

What population does plummer-vinson syndrome mostly affect?

What physical findings are found with these patients?

What causes weakness and fatigue for these patients?

A

1) Middle-aged female
2) Angular cheilitis, glossitis, proximal esophageal web, and koilonychia
3) Iron deficiency anemia

31
Q

What is the etiology of Zenker diverticulum?

How is the Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) affected?

It occurs in an area of natural weakness proximal to the cricopharyngeus known as?

A

1) False diverticula involving herniation between the cricopharyngeus muscle and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles (at pharyngoesophageal junction)
2) Loss of elasticity
3) Killian’s triangle

32
Q

As the zenker diverticulum enlarges what hallmark symptom is noted?

How can it affect the lungs?

A

1) Halitosis

2) Pneumonia

33
Q

How are zenker diverticulum diagnosed?

Why would you want to use the above tools first before an EGD?

A

1) Video esophagography or Barium swallow

2) Due to risk of perforation

34
Q

What should your differential look like if a patient presents with a structural oropharyngeal dysphagia?

A

1) Esophageal web
2) Plummer-Vinson syndrome
3) Zenker Diverticulum

35
Q

What can the dry mouth symptoms of Sjogren syndrome lead to?

A

Oropharyngeal dysphagia

36
Q

With esophageal dysphagia where does food stick?

A

Mid to lower sternal areas

37
Q

What GI issues are present with Scleroderma?

A

1) Dysphagia
2) Barrett esophagus
3) Esophageal dysmotility

38
Q

What should your differential look like if a patient presents with esophageal dysphagia due to mechanical obstruction?

A

1) Esophageal web (plummer-vinson syndrome)
2) Hiatal hernia
3) GERD
4) Barrett Esophagus
5) Esophageal stricture

39
Q

What structural problem most commonly at the GE junction causes esophageal dysphagia?

A

Esophageal stricture

40
Q

What is the most common cause of esophageal stricture?

What can also cause it?

A

1) Peptic esophageal stricture secondary to GERD

2) Eosinophilic esophagitis

41
Q

As esophageal strictures progress what happens to reflux/heartburn and why?

What happens to the esophageal dysphagia?

A

1) Reflux/heartburn improves because the stricture acts as a barrier to reflux
2) Gets worse

42
Q

What diagnostic tool is mandatory in all cases of esophageal stricture?

Why?

A

Endoscopy with biopsy in order to rule out esophageal carcinoma

43
Q

What condition is caused from specialized intestinal columnar metaplasia that may progress to esophageal adenocarcimoa?

A

Barrett Esophagus

44
Q

What are risk factors for Barrett Esophagus?

A

1) GERD
2) Truncal obesity
3) White males older than 50 who smoke

45
Q

What cells would be seen on biopsy for Barrett Esophagus?

A

Goblet and columnar cells

46
Q

What is the general treatment for Barrett Esophagus?

What should be performed for patients with high grade dysplasia or intramuscular adenocarcinoma?

When should surgical resection take place?

A

1) PPI
2) Endoscopic ablation
3) Never

47
Q

What is the most common type of Esophageal Cancer in the world?

What is the greatest risk factor for it?

A

1) Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2) Heavy smoking combined with alcohol use

48
Q

Where should the EGD with biopsy take place for squamous cell carcinoma?

Where should it be done for adenocarcinoma?

A

1) Middle 1/3 of esophagus

2) Distal 1/3

49
Q

Which esophageal cancer is more prevalent in african americans?

Which is more prevalent in caucasians?

A

1) Squamous cell carcinoma

2) Adenocarcinoma

50
Q

What distal esophageal structural problem causes esophageal dysphagia and is associated with hiatal hernia?

A

Schatzki ring

51
Q

Between solids, liquids, or both which causes problems with schatzki rings?

This leads to?

A

1) Solids

2) Food bolus impaction

52
Q

How are schatzki rings diagnosed?

How is it treated?

A

1) Barium swallow

2) Dilation

53
Q

What motility disorder causes esophageal dysphagia?

A

Achalasia

54
Q

How is the LES affected with achalasia?

What causes the denervation of the esophagus?

A

1) Fails to relax

2) Loss of NO producing inhibitory neurons (ganglion cells) in the myenteric plexus

55
Q

When pathology shows loss of ganglion cells within the esophageal myenteric plexus, what should we be thinking of?

A

Primary (idiopathic) achalasia

56
Q

What is the main secondary cause of achalasia?

A

Chagas disease from the bite of the reduviid bug that transmits Trypanosoma cruzi

57
Q

What physical finding is common for achalasia?

A

Weight loss

58
Q

What is romana sign?

Which type of achalasia is it associated with?

A

1) Periorbital swelling

2) Secondary/Chagas

59
Q

How is achalasia diagnosed on peripheral blood smear?

How is it diagnosed on barium esophagram?

How is it diagnosed on EGD?

What does esophageal manometry do?

A

1) Presence of Trypanosoma cruzi
2) Bird beak distal esophagus
3) Loss of ganglion cells within the esophageal myenteric plexus
4) Confirms diagnosis

60
Q

What condition causes esophageal dysphagia and frequent odynophagia and is affected mainly by solids?

A

Esophagitis

61
Q

When is pill-induced esophagitis most likely to occur?

A

Pills are swallowed without water or while supine

62
Q

How is pill-induced esophagitis diagnosed on endoscopy?

A

One to several discrete ulcers that may be shallow or deep

63
Q

What are the most common pathogens that can cause infectious esophagitis?

A

Candida albicans, herpes simplex, and CMV

64
Q

What does CMV show on endoscopy?

What does Herpes simplex esophagitis show?

What does candidal esophagitis show?

A

1) One to several large, shallow, superficial ulcerations
2) Multiple small, deep ulcerations
3) Diffuse, linear, yellow-white plaques adherent to the mucosa

65
Q

What type of esophagitis is related to a history of allergies or atopic conditions along with a history of food bolus impaction?

A

Eosinophilic esophagitis

66
Q

How is eosinophilic esophagitis diagnosed on EGD?

A

Multiple circular esophageal rings creating a corrugated appearance
(“Feline Esophagus” or “Tracheal esophagus”

67
Q

While esophageal dilation is very effective at relieving eosinophilic esophagitis, it poses a risk for?

A

Esophageal mural laceration/perforation

68
Q

Ingestion of liquid or crystalline alkali (drain cleaners, etc.) or acid that leads to severe burning are what type of esophagitis?

A

Caustic esophagitis

69
Q

What long term complication should we be watching for even years after the caustic ingestion?

A

Esophageal squamous carcinoma

70
Q

What may be dangerous and should not be administered to treat caustic esophageal injury?

A

Nasogastric lavage and oral antidotes

GI Week 1 (6 decks)

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