Clinical Applications Test 2 Flashcards
What is asepsis?
the absence of disease producing microorganisms
List the disease producing microorganisms
- Bacteria
- Mycoplasmas
- Fungi
- Viruses
Complete absence of these microorganisms is _____
sterility
A _____ organism is one that can produce a disease easily
virulent
What are pathogens?
microorganisms that can cause disease in humans
About __% of mechanically ventilated patients develop pneumonia
25%, and 30% (of those 25% die)
Infection control procedures aim to:
- eliminate the sources of infectious agents
- create barriers to their transmission
- monitor the effectiveness of control
3 elements that must be present of infection to spread
- source of pathogens
- susceptible host
- route of transmission
What/who is the source of pathogens
- humans, are the primary source for infections in the health care setting
- inanimate objects (fomites)
what/who are susceptible host
patients in the hospital who are weak and susceptible to an infection
what are the routes of transmission
- contact
- droplet
- vehicle
- airborne
- vector-borne
Host factors that increase the chance of infection are:
- poorly controlled diabetes
- increased age
- chemotherapy
- placement of tubes and catheters
What are nosocomial infections?
infections acquired in the hospital
most nosocomial pneumonias occur in:
Patients having chest or abdominal surgery (patient does not take deep breaths or cough)
What is cross-contamination
Transmission of organisms between places and persons
Mode of Transmissions:
- contact/indirect
- airborne
- droplet
- vehicle
- vector
What is Contact Transmission?
direct contact transmission requires physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person, and the physical transfer of microorganisms
What is Indirect Contact Transmission?
refers to situation where a susceptible person is infected from contact with contaminated surface
What is airborne transmission?
refers to where droplet nuclei (residue from evaporated droplets) or dust particles containing microorganisms can remain suspended in air for long periods of time
Diseases capable of airborne transmission:
- influenza
- whooping cough
- tuberculosis
- polio
- varicella-zoster (chickenpox)
- rubeola virus (measles)
What is droplet transmission?
diseases can be transferred by infected droplets contacting surfaces of the eyes, nose, and mouth
What is vehicle transmission?
transmission of microorganisms via inanimate objects
- food
- water
- soil
What is vehicle transmission?
transmission of microorganisms via inanimate objects
- food
- water
- soil
What is Vector-borne transmission?
animals that are capable of transmitting diseases
What are infection control strategies?
- Decreasing host susceptibility
- eliminating the source of the pathogens
- interrupting routes or transmission
Decreasing host susceptibility:
- immunization
- chemoprophylaxis post exposure
Eliminating the source of the pathogens:
- general sanitation measures
- specialized equipment
Interrupting routes of transmission:
- special equipment handling
- barrier/isolation precautions
- disposable equipment
Standard precautions apply to:
- Blood
- All body fluids
- nonintact skin
- mucous membranes
PPE:
- gloves
- masks
- N-95
- Gowns
Airborne precautions
Negative-pressure isolation room and use of Respiratory protective equipment by health care workers and visitors to room. During transport, patient should wear a surgical mask
Droplet precautions
Gloves, mask, and eye protective eyewear; infected patients should wear a surgical mask
____ is the first step in all equipment processing
Cleaning
___ act by reducing surface tension and forming an emulsion with organic matter
Soaps
- Bactericidal:
- Bacteriostatic:
- Sporicidal:
- Virucidal:
- Method to kill bacteria
- Method and techniques that inhibit growth
- Methods to destroy spores
- Methods to destroy virus
______ destroys the vegetative form of all pathogens except bacterial spores
Disinfection
Types of disinfectants
- Alcohols
- Acetic acid
- Bleach
- Hydrogen peroxide
____ destroys all microorganisms
Sterilization
Types of sterilants
- incineration
- cider (alkaline glutaraldehyde)
- sonacide (acid glutaraldehyde)
3 major issues for disposable equipment
- cost
- quality
- reuse
Respiratory Hygiene
- education of patients and employees
- posted signs
- source control measures (covering mouth)
- hand hygiene
- spatial seperation
___ is the most important way to prevent transmission of microorganisms via contact transmission
Handwashing
- 15 sec scrub: b/w patients
- 10 min scrub: prior to specialized procedures
- 2 min scrub: arriving or leaving hospital
5 basic components of effective communication
- Sender: individual/group transmitting the message
- Message: information or attitude communicated by sender (verbal or nonverbal)
- Channel: method used to transmit messages (written or oral)
- Receiver: target of the communication
- Feedback: allows sender to measure communication success
Senders communication skills:
- eye contact
- attitude
- experience
- culture
- self concept
Things that can improve the skill of a sender
- seek to relate to people rather than control them
- value disagreement as much as agreement
- share information rather than telling
4 primary sources of conflict
- poor communication
- structural problems
- personal behavior
- role conflict
5 basic strategies for handling conflicts
- competing
- accommodating
- avoiding
- collaborating
- compromising
ambulation should begin as soon as the patient is _____
physiologically stable and free of severe pain, NOT patient willingness
What is voltage?
power behind electrical energy
Most homes and hospitals are powered with ___ -V power sources
120
Voltage:
the power potential behind the electrical energy
Current:
the flow of electricity from a point of higher voltage to a lower point. (this represents the greatest danger to the provider and patient)
Harmful effects of the body due to electricity depend on:
- the amount flowing through the body
- the path is takes
- the duration the current is applied
Current = ____ / _____
current = voltage / resistance
(increased resistance decrease current)
The heart is susceptible to any current level above ___ ma, ___ ma represents a potential fatal shock
100, 120
What wire completes circuit by taking current to ground
neutral wire (ground wire)
Macroshock
high current usually greater than 1ma is applied externally to skin
Microshock
small amount of current less than 1ma bypasses the skin and follows a direct, low-resistance path onto the body
True or False: a third (ground) wire prevents dangerous buildup of voltage than can occur on the metal frames of some electrical equipment
True
Effects of electrical shock
high average to skin can cause sustained myocardial contraction, temporary respiratory paralysis, and burns
Conditions of a fire
- flammable material must be present
- Oxygen must be present
- flammable material must be heated to or above its ignition temp
High humidity greater than 60% can ____
can further reduce the risk of fire
P.A.S.S
Pull pin
Aim nozzle
Squeeze handle
Sweep nozzle across base of fire
R.A.C.E.
Rescue patient from immediate area of fire
Alert other personnel to the fire
Contain the fire
Evacuate other patients
Components of medical record
Admission sheet, History and Physical Exam, Health Maintenance and immunization, physicians orders, progress notes, nurses notes, medication record, allergies, vital signs, I/O sheet, Lab sheets, consultant sheet, surgical and treatment consent, anesthesia and surgical record, specialized flow sheet, advanced directives
S.O.A.P.
Subjective information
Objective information
Assessment
Plan
POMR
Problem Oriented Medical Record
1. database
2. problem list
3. the plan of care
4. progress notes
About ___% of all patients admitted develop an HAI
5%
Standard precautions apply to:
- Blood
- All body Fluids
- Nonintact skin
- mucous membranes
Acute exposure to EtO gas can cause:
- airway inflammation
- nausea
- diarrhea
- dizziness
Chronic exposure is associated to:
- resp. infection
- anemia
- altered behavior
Accommodating:
- Neglects own needs to meet needs of others
- useful strategy to maintain harmony
Avoiding:
Unassertive and uncooperative conflict resolution strategy
Collaborating:
Parties find mutually satisfying solutions
Compromising:
Combines assertiveness and cooperation
- best for quick resolution that both parties can live with
Ambulation should begin as soon as the patient is ________
physiologically stable and free of severe pain, not patient willingness
Contact diseases:
- Hep A, B, C
- HIV
Droplet diseases:
- Diphtheria
- Pertussis
- Streptococcal pneumonia
- influenza
- mumps
- rubella
Vehicle diseases:
- Hep A
- shigellosis
- salmonellosis
Airborne diseases:
- Tuberculosis
- varicella
- measles
- smallpox
Vectorborne diseases:
- rickettsia
- Lyme disease
- malaria
- bubonic plague
