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MSK- Pelvis and Lower Limb > Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 bones make up the pelvis?

A

Ilium, ischium, pubic bone and sacrum

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2
Q

There are lots of vessels within the pelvis, what is the significance of this?

A

Lots of potential for bleeding in pelvic fractures

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3
Q

Which nerves are found in the pelvis and are responsible for bladder and bowel control?

A

Pudendal nerve and pelvic splanchnic nerves

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4
Q

What nerve is sensitive to injury of the greater sciatic notch?

A

Sciatic nerve

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5
Q

Which internal structures can be damaged with pelvic trauma?

A

Urethra, bladder, rectum and uterus

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6
Q

Anatomically, what makes the femoral head susceptible to AVN?

A

Ring anastomosis of vessels at the base of the femoral neck

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7
Q

Which hip fractures should be replaced?

A

Intracapsular

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8
Q

What are the roles of the gluteus maximus?

A

Extension and external rotation of hip

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9
Q

The gluteus medius is the chief of which movement?

A

Hip abduction

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10
Q

A trendelenberg test implies damage to which nerve?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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11
Q

What happens in an abnormal Trendelenberg test?

A

The pelvis will tilt away from the stance leg

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12
Q

What is the most powerful flexor of the thigh? What is it attached to?

A

Iliopsoas- attached to the lesser trochanter

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13
Q

The adductors of the thigh are mainly supplied by what nerve?

A

Obturator

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14
Q

The quadriceps muscles are supplied by which nerve? If there is damage to these muscles then the patient won’t be able to do what?

A

Femoral - won’t be able to straight leg raise

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15
Q

What type of bone is the patella? It is attached to the tibial tubercle via what?

A

Sesamoid bone- via the patellar tendon

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16
Q

Which hamstring muscle can be used as a tendon graft for reconstructions?

A

Semitendinosis

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17
Q

Which hamstring muscle is most likely to tear?

A

Biceps femoris

18
Q

Why can some hip pathology be felt in the knee?

A

Joint sensory supply from the obturator nerve

19
Q

What is the first range of movement that will be lost in a damaged hip?

A

Internal rotation

20
Q

The adductor canal goes through which muscle?

A

Adductor magnus

21
Q

What type of cartilage are menisci? What is their function?

A

Fibrocartilage - shock absorbers

22
Q

Which meniscus is fixed? Which is mobile?

A

Medial = fixed, lateral = mobile

23
Q

Which meniscus is more likely to tear?

A

Medial

24
Q

Which ligament of the knee resists vagus stress?

A

Medial collateral

25
Q

Which ligament of the knee resists varus stress and helps to resist external rotation?

A

Lateral collateral

26
Q

Which ligament of the knee resists internal rotation and anterior translation of the tibia?

A

Anterior cruciate

27
Q

Which ligament of the knee resists posterior/anterior translation of the tibia and presents knee hyperextension?

A

Posterior cruciate

28
Q

On average, our anatomical axis of the lower limb is at 6 degrees valgus. What does this allow?

A

The centres of the hip, knee and ankle align perfectly (allows distribution of load between medial and lateral compartments)

29
Q

Genu varum results in a lot of stress on which compartments?

A

Medial

30
Q

Give two examples of bursitis in the lower limb?

A

Achilles tendonitis or plantar fasciitis

31
Q

Do inflamed bursae usually go away?

A

Usually recurrent

32
Q

What muscle is the most powerful dorsiflexor of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior

33
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior leg?

A

Deep fibular

34
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior leg?

A

Tibial

35
Q

What nerve supplies the lateral leg?

A

Superficial fibular

36
Q

What happens in compartment syndrome?

A

Swelling causes increased pressure which occludes venous drainage causing secondary ischaemia

37
Q

What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?

A

Fasciotomy

38
Q

How many ankle ligaments must be affected to have an instability injury?

A

2

39
Q

What type of injury are lateral ankle sprains?

A

Inversion injury

40
Q

What should you always look for on an x-ray of an ankle?

A

Talar shift

41
Q

What muscles in the foot can assist flexion of the MTP joints and extension of the PIPs and DIPs?

A

Lumbricals

42
Q

An imbalance of the flexor and extensor tendons of the foot can cause what?

A

Claw/hammer toe deformities

MSK- Pelvis and Lower Limb (5 decks)

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