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MD2001 Week 10 > Clinical Anatomy of the Back > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy of the Back Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of the interpretation of the lateral C-spine X-ray?

A

Adequacy, alignment and asymmetry.

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2
Q

What do you look for in adequacy?

A

Can you see all seven cervical vertebrae and the top of T1.

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3
Q

What do you look at in alignment?

A

Draw 3 vertical parallel lines along the anterior and posterior border of the cervical bodies and a third line through the base of each spinous process.

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4
Q

What do you look at in asymmetry?

A

Look for abnormal asymmetry between the 7 cervical vertebrae.

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5
Q

What is a burst fracture of c1 called?

A

Jefferson’s fracture which is very unstable.

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6
Q

What does a winking owl suggest on an X-ray of the spine?

A

A possible fracture.

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7
Q

What is the important questions for pain acronym?

A

PQRST.

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8
Q

What does PQRST stand for?

A

Provocative and palliative factors, quality of pain, radiation, severity and systemic symptoms and timing.

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9
Q

What is the other name of facet joints?

A

Zygapophysial joints.

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10
Q

What is the function of facet joints?

A

Prevent excess rotation or lateral flexion of the vertebrae.

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11
Q

What a symptom of Spondylosis?

A

A common cause of back pain which is common in cervical and lumbar regions.

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12
Q

What is a DEXA?

A

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

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13
Q

What does a DEXA measure?

A

Bone mineral density.

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14
Q

What is listhesis?

A

Forward movement of the body of one vertebrae on the vertebra below it.

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15
Q

What is Spondylosis?

A

Degeneration of the spinal column, especially that resulting in abnormal fusion and immobilization of the vertebral bones.

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16
Q

What is paraesthesia?

A

An abnormal sensation, typically tingling or pricking.

17
Q

What causes paraesthesia?

A

Pressure on or damage to the peripheral nerve.

18
Q

What is Spondylolisthesis?

A

Anterior slip of a vertebra on the lower segment.

19
Q

What can cause Spondylolisthesis?

A

Weakness of ligamentum flavum or fracture of pedicle.

20
Q

Where is Spondylolisthesis common?

A

L4/4 or L5/S1 due to spondylosis.

21
Q

What might Spondylolisthesis cause?

A

May compress on the spinal cord or cauda equina.

22
Q

What are the possible aetiologys of cauda equina syndrome?

A

Degenerative, traumatic, infective and malignant.

23
Q

What are example of degenerative causes of cauda equina syndrome?

A

Lumbar disc herniation and spondylolisthesis.

24
Q

What are examples of traumatic causes of cauda equina syndrome?

A

Vertebral fracture and epidural haematoma.

25
Q

What are examples of infective causes cauda equina syndrome?

A

Epidural abscess and tuberculosis.

26
Q

What are examples of malignant causes of cauda equina syndrome?

A

Metastases and primary CNS malignancies.

27
Q

What are the symptoms of cauda equina syndrome?

A

Saddle anaesthesia, pain, incontinence and numbness.

28
Q

What is saddle anaesthesia in cauda equina syndrome?

A

Loss of feelings around the buttocks, anus and genitalia.

29
Q

Where is the pain in cauda equina syndrome?

A

Severe nerve pain in back and or legs.

30
Q

What is the incontinence in cauda equina syndrome?

A

Bladder incontinence or difficulty urinating or bowel incontinence.

31
Q

Where is the numbness in cauda equina syndrome?

A

Lack of sensation and weakness in the legs.

32
Q

What are the age related changes of a lumbar intervertebral disc herniation?

A

Annular tears occur when the water content declines with age, reducing tension in the AF.

33
Q

What are the degenerative causes of lumbar intervertebral disc herniations?

A

Gelatinous NP replaced with fibrous tissue.

34
Q

How does the degenerative changes cause disc herniation?

A

Weight transferred to AF causing fissures over time.

35
Q

What are the symptoms of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation?

A

Lower back pain and sciatica.

36
Q

What is sciatica?

A

Pain or paraesthesia in the dermatomal distribution of sciatic nerve (L4-S3) and weakness of those myotomes.

37
Q

In which direction does the disc usually herniate?

A

Usually postero-laterally, impinging on spinal nerve root.

38
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Infection of the bone and bone marrow.

39
Q

What is discitis?

A

Infection of the intervertebral disc.

MD2001 Week 10 (6 decks)

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