Clinical Flashcards
What are the criterion (symptoms) of Anorexia nervosa?
Criterion A: restriction of energy intake and low body weight- BMI of less than 17kg/m^2 or using DSM-5 tend to accept the ICD-10 definition.
Criterion B: intense fear of gaining weight even if the current body weight is low. This is done by excessive exercise, restriction, binge purging, and the use of laxatives or diuretics. DSM-5 gives no examples but the ICD-10 does
Criterion C: Distortion of body image where the weight is hugely overestimated and emphasis on body weight in the patient’s view of themselves- poor self-image, overuse of body weight in self-evaluation.
DSM-5 uses the three symptoms
What are the subtypes of Anorexia nervosa?
1) Restricting- weight loss through diet, excessive exercise, and fasting within the past three months.
2) Binge type/purging- alternate with purging, with the misuse of laxatives, self-induced vomiting, diuretics or enemas in the past three months.
What are the ratio, onset, and stressor of Anorexia nervosa?
Ratio: females to males (10:1)
Onset: 13-18 years old
Stressors: leaving home or university are examples
What is the prognosis of Anorexia nervosa?
6x as many deaths were expected for females with Anorexia nervosa. The highest mortality rate of all mental disorders. Amenorrhoea (lack of menstruation). High prevalence of the disorder in high-income countries. Dahlgren et al. (2017), the lifetime prevalence rate for females ranged from 1.7%-3.6% and was 0.1% for males.
What are some examples of secondary symptoms of Anorexia nervosa?
Brittle nails, amenorrhoea (lack of menstruation), hair thinning, dry flaky skin, osteoporosis (weaken bones)
What is co-mobility and what is co-mobility for Anorexia nervosa?
Co-mobility is the presence of another/more mental disorder in someone. Anorexia nervosa usually also shows anxiety, depression, and OCD
What is the strength of the diagnosis of Anorexia nervosa?
DSM-5 is reliable. Sysko et al. (2012) measured the test-retest reliability of Anorexia nervosa diagnosis, participants were given a telephone interview, and between three and seven days later, a different assessor telephoned each participant and repeated the assessment. The extent of agreement across the two occasions was described as ‘excellent’. Trained assessors can reliability diagnose AN using the DSM-5 criteria.
What is the competing argument for the strength of the diagnosis of Anorexia nervosa?
Doesn’t support that the view DSM-5 criteria are reliable. Thomas et al (2015) most studies go beyond the official DSM-5 criteria in operationally defining AN. Researcher- defined cut-off point for ‘significantly low weight’ because none is specialised in the DSM-5. Research studies are higher than what they would be in real life (easier to achieve agreement between raters when criteria are defined in detail)
What is a weakness of the diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa?
The lack of validity. Smith et al (2017) looked at the validity of four severity specifiers. 109 adults diagnosed with AN, higher BMI was linked with greater eating disorders psychopathology. Opposite of what was expected outcomes. Failed to distinguish accurately between people.
What is EPHX2?
It is a gene that codes for an enzyme called epoxide hydrolase that breaks down (metabolises) cholesterol and if there is a fault, the enzyme will misshape and disrupt the metabolism of cholesterol as the cholesterol can’t bind to the enzyme, causing higher chronic cholesterol. This can cause people not to be reminded to eat. Found by Scott-Van Zeeland
What is ITPR3 and how does this affect Anorexia nervosa?
It is a gene that encodes for a protein which is the receptor for inositol triphosphate (detecting sweet and bitter tastes). Dysfunction of the taste pathway so people with AN are indifferent to tastes that others enjoy and that partly motivates eating. A dysfunction causes a misshape of the receptor, so serotonin can’t bind. Found by Scott-Van Zeeland with 1205 AN participants and 1948 control participants
What are the 4Ds of diagnosis?
Deviance
Dysfunction
Distress
Danger
What is deviance?
Behaviours that are unusual. Understand the statistical and social norms of particular social groups and cultures. Failure to conform to social norms can lead to negative attention
What is dysfunction?
Inability to do everyday activities. Looks at what is going on around them and their deterioration.
What is distress?
Emotional pain or anxiety and this may manifest in physical symptoms. Gather quantitative data using scales like Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), which is a 10-item self-report questionnaire taken over 4 weeks.
What is danger?
Careless, hostile, or hazardous behaviour which could jeopardise the safety of the individual and/or others. People could be detained under the Mental Health Act which requires the agreement of 3 professionals and people are taken to a mental health hospital for treatment.
What is the supporting evidence for the 4D model?
It is valid as it is not over or under inclusive like the deviance from social and statistical norms are used with another 4D. However, subjective like cultures in Fiji praise curvy shapes over slimmer ones like in the west.
How does the 4D model lack reliability?
Distress is objective and people may show distress in different ways. However, quantitative data can be gathered with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10).
How does the 4D model affect labelling?
By labelling someone as dangerous then people are less likely to get diagnosed. It could also have an effect on a ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’ as their behaviour may become dangerous from being labelled dangerous. But labelling doesn’t cause danger.
What is the DSM?
It is made by the American Psychiatric. There are 3 sections. Section 1 is about the guidance of the system. Section 2 gives details of the disorders. Section 3 is a section on new disorders. It is a ruling of best fit and rules out other disorders. It is done by observation and unstructured interviews with Beck Depression Inventory with 21 questions.
What is the kappa score (overall)?
The test is then retested later on or by another clinician. 0.7 felt like a good score.
What are the different types of validity?
Descriptive (symptoms), aetiological (causal factors), concurrent (method), and predictive.
What is the reliability of DSM?
Good. Field trials of DSM-5- kappa score of 0.46 (Regier) and Sartorius= 0.86 of schizophrenia (consistent)
What happens to the agreement (increase/decrease) of the DSM?
The agreement falls (Cooper). Least reliable in the major depressive disorder of the DSM.