Clin Path Lab Exam Material Flashcards
What is shown in the picture? Name two things in the whores that result in this presentation:
Heinz Body formation
Phenothiazines and Wilted red maple leaves
Identify the urine crystal. What is its significance?
Calcium carbonate
Normal in horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, and goats. No reports in canine or feline urine
What is the significance of macrocytic anemia?
Indicates regenerative anemia
Eccentrocytes occur as a result of oxidative damage. What other abnormality are these cells commonly seen with?
Heinz Body Formation
Identify the urine crystal. What is its significance?
Calcium oxalate dihydrate
Can be normal in domestic animals. Could also be seen with:
- increased calcium excretion due to hypercalcemia
- acute renal failure
- miniature schnauzers are predisposed!
T/F: Epithelial casts in the urine indicate active tubular degeneration or necrosis and are a good indicator of the extent of tubular injury
False
Epithelial and fatty casts in the urine _do_ indicate active tubular degeneration or necrosis, _but are NOT evidence of the extent or reversibility of tubular injury_
On which area of the slide would you examine RBC and WBC morphology?
Counting Area
What type of cell is characteristically seen associated with rattlesnake envenomation?
Echinocytes
**Irrelevant fact: a group of rattlesnakes is called a rhumba (not to be confused with a Roomba®, the robotic vacuum)**
What organism is present in these cells?
Histoplasma capsulatum
Macrophages (arrows) contain numerous Histoplasma capsulatum organisms, which are round yeast cells with a well-defined, thin capsule.
What type of cell is shown?
Lymphocyte
T/F: Thrombocytopenia may be caused by blood loss
No!
Blood loss does not cause thrombocytopenia
What is shown in the picture? Name two conditions in the dog that result in this presentation
Heinz Body Formation
Cephalosporins and Zinc Toxicosis (penny ingestion) in the dog
This is a blood film from a cat with myelodysplasia. What is present here?
Dysplatic giant platelets
Note the giant atypical platelets (small arrows) and the normal-appearing platelet (small arrowhead)
What is shown here? In which condition would you typically see these?
Schistocytes
Schistocytes are erythrocyte fragments and are seen with intravascular trauma (DIC; vascular tumors) and with Iron Deficiency Anemia
What is the significance of microcytic anemia?
Indicates iron deficiency anemia
What type of cell is shown?
Neutrophil
Identify the urine crystal. What is its significance?
Bilirubin
In dogs, ↓ number in highly concentrated urine is normal. In all other species, it is indicative of icterus
What organism is present in these cells?
Leishmania
Note the broken mononuclear cells with numerous Leishmania donovani organisms
These cells are from a bone marrow aspirate. What type of cells are these?
Basophils
What is shown here? In which condition would you typically see these?
Spherocyte
- Very indicative of IMHA!!*
- You may also see agglutination with IMHA*
These cells are from a bone marrow aspirate. What type of cells are these?
Mott Cells
Remember, Mott Cells are abnormal plasma cells characterized by the presence of packets of immunoglobulins (Russell bodies)
This is abdominal fluid from a dog. What is your diagnosis?
Probably some sort of carcinoma
We should not be seeing epithelial cells in body cavity effusions
Describe the lymphocyte:
Reactive
What is shown here?
Echinocytes
Associated with (1) electrolyte imbalance (2) non-specific disease (3) rattlesnake envenomation
This is abdominal fluid from a horse. What type of inflammation is present?
Suppurative (neutrophilic) Inflammation
What is happening in this picture?
Hypersegmentation of neutrophils
Occurs with aging
Identify this cast in urine. What is its significance?
Waxy cast
**Always of pathologic significance!! Associated with chronic renal disease**
This was found in a bone marrow aspirate. Identify.
Megakaryocyte
Identify a rubricyte in this erythroid maturation sequence:
Identify the cell and species:
Equine eosinophil
What is shown here? In which condition would you see these in dogs?
Acanthocytes
Hemangiosarcoma in dogs
Damn, what’s that? (from a bone marrow aspirate)
Mast Cells
Identify a rubriblast in this erythroid maturation sequence:
Observe these immature RBCs. Is the bone marrow responding?
Yes
The image shows polychromasia, which is indicative of bone marrow response
What is that?!
Mesothelial cell
Be careful, these are often confused for malignant epithelial cells!
Identify these cells. In which breeds are these hereditary?
Stomatocytes
Hereditary in Alaskan Malamutes, Miniature Schnauzers, and Drentse Partrijshond
**Not really any clinical significance to the presence of stomatocytes**
What is the most common cause of echinocytes in vitro?
Crenation
Due to the slow drying of film. If you only see these in a couple of places, it’s likely that the cause was crenation
How would you differentiate Rouleaux formation from agglutination?
Add isotonic saline to a drop of blood. If the blood disperses, it is Rouleaux formation!
Identify the agent.
Anaplasma marginale
Very common tick-borne rickettsial infection worldwide; can cause fatal hemolytic anemia in sheep
This is thoracic fluid from a cat. What are these cells?
Hepatocytes
Remember to watch out for the liver when aspirating the thorax
Which stain is best for identifying Heinz Body formation?
New Methylene Blue (NMB) Stain
This is a bone marrow aspirate from a cat with myelodysplasia. What is present here?
Dysplastic erythroid cells
Note the three rubricytes with dysynchrony of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation (arrows) and the more normal-appearing metarubricyte (arrowhead)
What is shown in the picture? Name three conditions in the cat that result in this presentation:
Heinz Body Formation
Acetaminophen, Propylene glycol, and illness (lymphoma, hyperthyroidism, & diabetes)
**Cats are most susceptible to Heinz Body formation**
What causes Heinz Body formation in all species?
Ingestion of Onions
What is shown here? In which condition would you see these in cats?
Acanthocytes
Hepatic lipidosis in cats
You see this in a cat. What is it? Why does the background appear granular?
Toxoplasmosis
FIP can often give the smear a granular appearance
These cells are from a bone marrow aspirate. What type of cells are these?
Eosinophils
What is this bone marrow aspirate suggestive of?
Multiple Myeloma
These plasma cells have eosinophilic cytoplasm that is ruffled (sometimes referred to as flame cells). The cytoplasm is filled with immunoglobulin. Note the variation in cell size, ranging from the large immature plasma cell with loose chromatin (arrow) to the small cells with more condensed chromatin (arrowhead)
Describe these immature RBCs. What is the significance of this finding?
Polychromasia
Indicates blood loss or blood destruction with subsequent bone marrow response
Identify the urine crystal. What is its significance?
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
Can be seen in healthy animals (especially horses), but can also be seen in animals with:
- oxalate urolithiasis
- hypercalciuric or hyperoxaluric disorders
- ethylene glycol toxicosis
Identify a metaubricyte in this erythroid maturation sequence:
What is shown here? In which condition would you typically see these?
Keratocyte
Iron deficiency anemia
Identify this cast in the urine. What is its significance?
RBC cast
Significance: tubular hemorrhage (e.g. pyelonephritis)
What is a Heinz Body?
Oxidatively Denatured Hemoglobin
Describe the lymphocyte:
with granules
What is shown here? In which condition would you typically see these?
Eccentrocytes
Shifting of hemoglobin to one side of the cell resulting in clear zone outlines by membrane
Caused by oxidative damage commonly seen with the ingestion of onions in dogs
Are spherocytes typically larger or smaller than normal RBCs?
Smaller
Describe the lymphocyte:
Normal
What is shown in the image? In which species is this presentation considered normal?
Basophilic Stippling
Normal in ruminants
(If you see a significant amount of basophilic stippling in small animals, you should consider lead poisoning)
Identify the protozoal organism
Babesia spp.
Causes severe disease and hemolytic anemia (may be mistaken for IMHA)
What causes Heinz Body formation in sheep?
Copper Toxicosis
Which of these images represents fat droplets?
Mycoplasma haemocanis is relatively rare, but certain conditions predispose an animal to infection. What are those conditions?
Splenectomy or non-functional spleen
**Agglutination and spherocytes are typically seen with Mycoplasma haemocanis infection also**
These cells are from a bone marrow aspirate. What type of cells are these?
Osteoclasts
This can be differentiated from a megakaryocyte because the osteoclast nuclei are separate rather than lobulated.
Identify the urine crystal. What is its significance?
Struvite
This is the most common crystal in dogs and cats and can be found in normal clinical patients
What is this a picture of?
Distemper Viral Inclusions
Which one of these is a transitional cell of the urinary bladder epithelium?
Identify this presentation. What is its significance?
Rouleaux formation
Normal in horses; suggests increased globulin in small animals (inflammatory process)
These cells are from a bone marrow aspirate. What type of cells are these?
Osteoblasts
Identify the prorubricyte in this erythroid maturation sequence:
What are these?
Toxic Neutrophils
Note the increased blue-ness of the cytoplasm and the presence of Dohle Bodies
