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Clin Med II > Clin Med- Pathologies Related to Low Back III > Flashcards

Clin Med- Pathologies Related to Low Back III Flashcards

1
Q

Nephrolithiasis is also known as what?

A

aka kidney stones or renal calculi

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2
Q

Nephrolithiasis involves the urinary system structures, which are?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

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3
Q

Nephrolithiasis involves the urinary system functions:

______ waste

Retain essential substances for _______ and _______

Stimulates _______ production

______ _________ regulation

Coverts Vitamin ______ (absorbs Ca2+) to its active form

A

removes

electrolytes; pH

RBC

Blood pressure

D

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4
Q

With nephrolithiasis, the etiology and risk factors include:

Disorders that lead to _________ of Ca2+ and uric acid (ex. hyperthyroidism)

Not primarily drinking _____

Obesity

High animal _____ intake

A

hyperexcretion

water

protein

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5
Q

_________ is the 3rd MOST common UT disorder behind infections and prostate conditions

A

Nephrolithiasis

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6
Q

The pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis- hard mass of salts composed of _____ > ____ _____ and other minerals deposited in urinary system as follows

A

Ca2+; uric acid

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7
Q

With Nephrolithiasis, there will be referred P! into the ___-____ dermatomes

A

T10; L1

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8
Q

The progression of nephrolithiasis…

May begin with ________ unilateral LBP

Could progress to acute/_____ back and (between ribs and iliac crests) and possibly ______ P!

A

intermittent

severe

abdominal

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9
Q

The clinical S&S of nephrolithiasis:

  • Radiating P! to the _____ and _______ regions
  • ________ dysfunction
  • Unrelenting P!
  • __& ____ due to P! severity
    _ ________ (urinary or kidney) could occur
A

groin; perianal

bladder

N & V

infections

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10
Q

With nephrolithiasis and the Murphy percussion test:

You would place a ____ and _______ fisted percussion over the 12th costovertebral angle

WNL = __________

P! may also be present with bladder _______/________

A

firm; closed

painless

palpation; percussion

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11
Q

With nephrolithiasis, this is a ______ but possible _____ referral depending on pain severity

A

urgent; emergent

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12
Q

Pertaining to osteoporosis, bone mass peaks between ____-_____ years old

A

25;35

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13
Q

With osteoporsois, the skeleton is _______ active and undergoes continous ______ throughout life with an annual turnover of bone

A

metabolically; remodeling

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14
Q

With osteoporosis, remodeling with the bone is neccesary because it maintains the _________ integrity of the skeleton

A

structural

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15
Q

With osteoporosis, remodeling with the bone is neccesary because it serves as the metabolic demands as a storehouse of _____ and ________

A

Ca2+ and phosphorus

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16
Q

_______ is a persistent, progressive metabolic disease

A

Osteoporosis

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17
Q

Osteoporosis is characterized by:

Low bone ______

Impaired bone _____

Decreased bone _______

Enhanced risk of ________

A

mass

quality

strength

fractures

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18
Q

What is the MOST common types/etiology with osteoporosis?

A

aging

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19
Q

What is the seondary type/etiology with osteoporosis?

A

consequence of disease or medication

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20
Q

With osteoprosis is NOT often a ______ diagnosis; ____% goes undiagnosed

A

presenting; 70

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21
Q

With osteoporosis, it has an ______ number in younger individuals

A

increasing

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22
Q

What is the MOST common METABOLIC BONE disease?

A

Osteoporosis

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23
Q

________ or low bone mass is a precursor to osteoporosis

A

Osteopenia

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24
Q

Osteoporosis is expeced to increase with ______ population

A

aging

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25
Q

___________ is highest in post-menopausal biological women with estrogen deficit and Scandanavian ancestry

A

Osteoporosis

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26
Q

_____ % of biological women and ____% of biological men over 50 yrs. will suffer an osteoporotic fx

A

33; 20

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27
Q

What are some risk factors for osteoporosis?

Lower ______ and ______ levels

A

hormone; estrogen

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28
Q

With lower estrogen levels, it limits the release of ______ into the blood and absorption

A

calcium

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29
Q

Lower estrogen (osteoporosis) is associated with ______ and abnormal menses

A

menopause

30
Q

With osteoporosis, lower ______ in men also limits the release of calcium into the blood

A

testosterone

31
Q

With osteoporosis risk factors and genetics, this plays a role with _______ hormone for calcium balance and bone stature

A

parathyroid

32
Q

Social ______ play a role in osteoporosis risk factors, such as > 2 beers per day, > 300 mg caffeine a day

A

habits

33
Q

Risk factors for osteoporosis:

_______ inactivity

_______ alters hormone levels

≥ 3 months of __________ use

Tobacco

Low Vitamin _____

A

physical

depression

corticosteroid

D

34
Q

People with risk factors for osteoporosis should have a _____ scan if they meet the criteria

A

DEXA

35
Q

Pathogenesis of osteoporosis- PRIMARILY a _______ disorder as osteoclastic> osteoblastic activity

A

metabolic

36
Q

Pathogenesis of osteoporosis- SECONARILY an _______ disorder due to other conditions that limit calcium regulation and sex hormones for bone health

A

endocrine

37
Q

Osteoporosis is the loss of inner _______ bone

A

cancellous

38
Q

With osteoporosis: wedging, compression, and fx of vertebral body MOST often in lower ______ and upper _______ regions

A

thoracic; lumbar

39
Q

With osteoporosis, femurs, ribs, and radius are also common areas for ______

A

fractures

40
Q

With osteoporosis, ___-______ fractures occur MORE often

A

non-traumatic

41
Q

With osteoporosis, what might you observe with your patient?

Forward _______ ______

Loss of _______

Increased thoracic and lumbar _______

_______ posture

A

head posture

height

kyphosis

Slouched

42
Q

With osteoporosis, a fx can occur with a benign ______ activity such as bending or coughing

A

flexion

43
Q

Clinical manifestation S&S
Osteoporosis

Fx S&S

Severe back pain potentially between mid ____ and _____ lumbar region with FLX, compression, and valsalva stresses

A

thoracic; upper

44
Q

With osteoporosis, P! may refer to _____ and abdominal region

A

flanks

45
Q

With osteoporosis, and ROM there will be pain and limitation primarily with ______ BUT possibly all directions

A

FLX

46
Q

With osteoporosis and resisted tests, there will be pain and ________ with what direction mainly?

A

weakness, FLX

47
Q

Osteoporosis stress test findings:

P! with ______ and relief with ______

P! with ______ pressures

A

compression; distx; PA

48
Q

With osteoporosis, neuro is often _____ but possible in more severe cases

A

-

49
Q

Biomechanical exam- special tests
Osteoporosis:

________ test

______ sign- inability to lie supine due to P!

A

percussion

supine

50
Q

__________ clinical manifestations S&S

More hx with Roman’s CPR

> 52 yrs. of age

No, LE P!

BMI < 22

No regular exercise

Biological female

Criteria for compression fx

A

osteoporosis

51
Q

If you suspsect a fx with osteoporosis most likely a ______ referral

______ referral if neuro symptoms or inability to walk

A

urgent

emergent

52
Q

With PT Rx and osteoporosis: MOST osteoporotic fx are stable and able to tolerate ____ due to ________ structure so proceed based on symptoms

A

Rx; ligamentous

53
Q

With PT Rx and osteoporosis, you should minimize ______ ______ compression

A

vertebral body

54
Q

What is the MET focus for osteoporosis?

_______ integrity- maintenance or improving density

_______ and resistance training

A

Bone
Walking

55
Q

What activity could help with osteoprosis the BEST?

A. plyometrics
B. JM
C. balance activities

A

C.

56
Q

With osteoporosis and MT, be cautious with _____ particurlaly higher grades or > 3 months of _________ use

A

JM; corticosteroid use

57
Q

With osteoporosis, you may utilize JM to normalize _____ and stresses throughout the spine

A

motion

58
Q

With osteoporosis, majority will heal after _____ to _____ weeks of Rx with subsequent decline in pain

A

8; 12

59
Q

With osteoporosis and MD Rx, a good treatment for some patients with acute/subacute back pain is ________ ________

A

percutaneous vertebroplasty

60
Q

With osteoporosis and MD Rx, percutaneous vertebroplasty with the addition of _______ vs none provided better subjective outcomes starting at 6 months and lasting out to two years following sx

A

exercises

61
Q

_________ is when the bone softens without the loss of bone mass or brittleness as with osteoporosis

A

osteomalacia

62
Q

Osteomalacia is a _______ disease

A

metabolic

63
Q

Etioligic factors with osteomalacia:

Insufficient intestinal ______ absorption due to lack of calcium absorption or low vitamin D

Increased _______ loss

A

Ca2+

phosphate

64
Q

With Osteomalacia, increased phosphate loss could be due to…

______ conditions

long term _____ use

___________ disorder that alters calcium balance

A

kidney

antacid

hyperparathyroidism

65
Q

Risk factors for Osteomalacia:

Lack of dietary or sunlight vitamin _____

Malabsorption conditions including age that affect _____ and ______ functions

________ that alter Vit. D, Ca2+ , or phosphate i.e., antacids and anticonvulsants

A

D

digestive; metabolic

medications

66
Q

Pathogenesis of osteomalacia:

Lack of bone _______, Ca2+, and phosphates that lead to ____ bones with possible fx but more likely bending

NO affect on _______

A

minerals; soft

osteocytes

67
Q

With osteomalacia, it primarily effects which bones?

A

vertebra and femur

68
Q

Clinical manifestations S&S with osteomalacia:

____ _____ pain and _____ and LE pain, aggravated by WB

Myalgia/______

proximal muscle ______ and polyneuropathy

altered ______ and increased falls

A

LBP; pelvic

arthralgia

weakness

gait

69
Q

Osteomalacia progressive deformities:

Increased thoracic _____

Genu _____- bow legged

A

kyphosis

varum

70
Q

Osteomalacia is an _______ referral unless it worsens neurologically or causes the inability to walk

A

urgent

Clin Med II (7 decks)

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