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MTAP 1 > CLIN CHEM > Flashcards

CLIN CHEM Flashcards

1
Q

Light travels in _____ and expressed in ___.

A

Waves; nm

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2
Q

What is the range of visible light?

A

400 - 700nm

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3
Q

Range of ultraviolet light

A

4 - 400nm

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4
Q

Range of infrared light

A

700nm - 0.3cm

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5
Q

At what wavelength is uric acid measured at using the Caraway method?

A

650 - 700nm (or 660nm)

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6
Q

At what wavelength is uric acid measured at using the Enzymatic method?

A

293nm

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7
Q

At what wavelength is glucose measured at using the Dubowski reaction?

A

620 - 630nm

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8
Q

Reagent used in the Caraway method

A

Phosphotungstic acid

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9
Q

Which component of the spectrophotometer isolates a specific wavelength of interest from the light source?

A

Monochromator

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10
Q

An aspect of quality assessment that is used to assess the analytical phase of patient testing

A

Qualiry control

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11
Q

An increased coefficent of variation indicates __________.

A

Poor precision

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12
Q

_________ refleftes the variation of data values around the mean; an indicator of precision

A

Standard variation

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13
Q

Modifed true or false: triglyceride is not affected by fasting.

A

False; cholesterol is not affected, while triglelyceride is affected.

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14
Q

In what state should the patient be when fasting?

A

Basal state

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15
Q

Hemolysed sample may falsely increase creatine kinase because of _______.

A

Adenylate kinase

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16
Q

T-test is used for evaluating ________.

A

Accuracy

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17
Q

F-test is used for evaluating _______.

A

Precision

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18
Q

The following are monosaccharides, except:

Dextrose
Glucose
Levulose
Maltose

A

Maltose

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19
Q

What carbohydrate is readily converted by the cells into energy?

A

Glucose

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20
Q

What is the storage form of glucose?

A

Glycogen

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21
Q

The saliva contains ______.

Ptyalin
Amylopsin
Pepsin
Trypsin

A

Ptyalin

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22
Q

Modified true or false: carbohydrate digestion is completely stopped in the stomach due to the HCl

A

False; temporarily

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23
Q

Transient hyperglycemia _____ after eating.

A

30 minutes

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24
Q

What is the enzyme that acts as a hypoglycemic agent? Where is it produced?

A

Insulin; beta cells of the pancreas

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25
Q

The following increases blood glucose, except:

Glucagon
Cortisol
Glycogen
Epinephrine
GH
Thyroxine

A

Glycogen

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26
Q

Insulin lowers blood glucose by:

A) Promoting glycogenesis
B) Promoting lipogenesis
C) Increasing cellular glucose uptake
D) Promoting glycogenolysis

A

All except D

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27
Q

Patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2 have problems with ________.

A

insulin receptors

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28
Q

Patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 1 have problems with _________.

A

insulin

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29
Q

What is the standard specimen used for testing carbohydrates?

A

fasting venous plasma

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30
Q

How many hours of fasting does fasting blood sugar require?

A

8-10 hours

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31
Q

Modified true or false: Arterial blood has higher glucose levels compared to venous blood.

A

True

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32
Q

Why are glucometer results lower compared to laboratory results?

A

Whole blood has approximately 10-15% lower glucose levels than serum/plasma

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33
Q

How long are samples for glucose testing viable for?

A

30-60 minutes

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34
Q

What is the ideal tube for collecting plasma glucose? What are the additives used?

A

Gray top; Sodium fluoride and oxalate

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35
Q

What does sodium fluoride do? how long are its effects?

A

Prevents glycolysisfor 48-72 hours

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36
Q

Can sodium fluoride be used as an anticoagulant?

A

Yes, but it should be used at a concentration of 6-10mg /mL of WB

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37
Q

What is the enzyme that is inhibited by the binding of fluoride to magnesium?

38
Q

What does the enzyme enolase do?

A

Takes part in glycolysis

39
Q

At what rate is glucose metabolized in room temperature?

A

7mg/dL per hour

40
Q

If glucose is stored at 4°C (refrigerator temp), at what rate is it metabolized?

A

2mg/dL per hour

41
Q

CSF glucose concentration is approximately _______ that of plasma concentrations.

42
Q

In the copper reduction method for analyzing blood glucose, what is actually measured?

A

Cuprous (Cu1+)

43
Q

In the ferric reduction method for analyzing blood glucose, what indicates a positive result?

A

Disappearance of color

44
Q

How is the glucose oxidase method considered too specific?

A

It only detects beta-glucose

45
Q

What is the reference method for analyzing blood glucose?

A

Hexokinase G6PD

46
Q

When is random blood glucose really useful?

A

During emergency cases; when determining if the patient is hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic.

47
Q

What is the ideal way of using FBS for determining Diabetes Mellitus?

A

FBS + FBS / FBS + OGTT

48
Q

What may cause a false decrease in Glycosylated hemoglobin results?

A

Hemolysis / Hemolytic anemia

49
Q

Glycated Albumin analyzes blood glucose for the past _________.

50
Q

A pregnant woman with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus may have what effect on the baby?

A

Baby could become overweight

51
Q

Modified true or false: The 2-hour post prandial test is a standardized test that requires patient fasting prior to the test.

A

False; it is not standardized since there is no standard amount of glucose intake before the collection of blood.

52
Q

How much glucose is taken orally in OGTT?

53
Q

How much glucose is taken orally in OGCT?

54
Q

Glycemic factors are release at what glucose levels?

A

65-70mg/dL

55
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia are observable at what glucose levels?

A

50-55mg/dL

56
Q

A patient with a glucose level of 25mg/dL may experience what?

A

Severe CNS dysfunction / Irreversible brain damage

57
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

160-180mg/dL

58
Q

A patient with FBS result of 136mg/dL experiences what?

A

Hyperglycemia

59
Q

Decreased serum and urine pH due to hyperglycemia may lead to ___________.

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

60
Q

Most cholesterol in the body are in the form of ________.

A

Cholesterol ester

61
Q

Considered as the building block of lipids

A

Fatty acids

62
Q

What is considered the protein carrier of lipids that are made up of apolipoprotein?

A

Lipoproteins

63
Q

What is the lipoprotein that transports exogenous TAGs?

A

Chylomicrons

64
Q

Apolipoprotein found in HDL

Apo A-I
Apo A-II
Apo A-IV
Apo C-II
Apo C-III

A

All except for Apo C-II

65
Q

A very large structural protein (Apolipoprotein) that is found in the VLDL and LDL

66
Q

Which lipoprotein have the highest level of protein?

67
Q

What is the reference method of differentiating lipoproteins?

A

Ultracentrifugation

68
Q

Give an example of a precipitating agent used for separating LDL and HDL

A

Heparan sulfate-Mn2+
Dextran sulfate-MgCl2+
Phosphotungstate-MgCl2+
Heparin-Ca2+

69
Q

What is unique about proteins that distinguishes itself to carbohydrates and lipids?

A

They contain nitrogen

70
Q

This term refers to proteins being able to become positive or negatively charged

A

Amphoteric

71
Q

Most proteins are synthesized in which part of the body?

72
Q

What are the basic structural units of proteins?

A

Amino acids

73
Q

Haptoglobin acts as a carrier for transport for ______.

A) Hgb
B) Heme
C) Iron
D) Copper

74
Q

Transferrin acts as a carrier for transport for ______.

A) Hgb
B) Heme
C) Iron
D) Copper

75
Q

Hemopexin acts as a carrier for transport for ______.

A) Hgb
B) Heme
C) Iron
D) Copper

76
Q

Ceruloplasmin acts as a carrier for transport for ______.

A) Hgb
B) Heme
C) Iron
D) Copper

77
Q

Ceruloplasmin acts as a carrier for transport for ______.

A) Hgb
B) Heme
C) Iron
D) Copper

78
Q

The deficiency of ceruloplasmin results to what condition?

A) Menke’s syndrome
B) Wilson’s disease
C) Grave’s disease
D) Pernicious anemia

A

B) Wilson’s disease

79
Q

Copper deficiency may lead to what condition?

A) Wilson’s disease
B) Von willebrand disease
C) Menke’s syndrome
D) Down’s syndrome

A

C) Menke’s syndrome

80
Q

What is the most versatile carrier?

81
Q

How does protein act as buffer?

A

Helps with the maintenance of acid-base balance

82
Q

What is the term when a substance have net zero charge at a certain pH?

A

Isoelectric point

83
Q

In serum protein electrophoresis, bands are quantified using ________.

A

Densitometer

84
Q

Beta gamma bridging pattern in serum protein electrophoresis is seen in patients with ________.

A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Liver cirrhosis
C) Monoclonal gammopathy
D) Emphysema

A

B) Liver cirrhosis

85
Q

Monoclonal spike pattern in serum protein electrophoresis is seen in patients with ________.

A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Liver cirrhosis
C) Monoclonal gammopathy
D) Emphysema

A

C) Monoclonal gammopathy

86
Q

Decreased Albumin, and increased Alpha 2 pattern in serum protein electrophoresis is seen in patients with ________.

A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Acute inflammation
C) Monoclonal gammopathy
D) Emphysema

A

A) Nephrotic syndrome

87
Q

Increased Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 pattern in serum protein electrophoresis is seen in patients with ________.

A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Emphysema
C) Monoclonal gammopathy
D) Acute inflammation

A

D) Acute inflammation

88
Q

Decreasedd Alpha 1 pattern in serum protein electrophoresis is seen in patients with ________.

A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Emphysema
C) Monoclonal gammopathy
D) Acute inflammation

A

B) Emphysema

89
Q

Which doesn’t belong to the group:

i) AFP
ii) Ceruloplasmin
iii) Alpha-1 antitrypsin
iv) Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein

90
Q

Which of the following belong to the beta region in serum protein electrophoresis:

i) Pre-beta lipoprotein
ii) Beta lipoprotein
iii) Transferrin
iv) Fibrinogen
v) Haptoglobin
vi) Hemopexin

A

i, ii, iii, iv, vi

91
Q

Which lipoprotein is anodal to albumin?

A) Beta lipoprotein
B) Pre-beta lipoprotein
C) Pre-albumin
D) Complement

A

C) Pre-albumin

MTAP 1 (3 decks)

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