Climate Change Flashcards

Question

Jamieson et al (2019) why scientists downplay CC risks

Answer 1

- climate deniers accuse scientists exaggerating climate threat but they are if anything conservative - scientific consensus around ages, but not convinced public danger - why public only just woken up - new book look at acid rain, ozone depletion and sea level rise predictions antarctic ice sheet - found lot underestimation climate indicators/crisis - scientists not see consensus goal, give realistic data - political leaders need know they aren't exaggerating - citizens must force leaders to act

Answer 2

- US concern China econ/pol threat, China sees US trying constrain it - CC security issue should come over CW tensions - CC biggest security threat but neither concerned - US trying keep climate refugees out, promoting fossil fuels and undermining decarbonisation efforts - china lead investor coal plants - US largest historical contributor and per capita now - China largest GHG emitter by volume

Answer 3

- abstraction = method science achieves universality - wrenches phenomenon out specific contexts, makes parts meaningful independent of wholes - science creates entities like periodic table, biodiversity that reflect nobody's unmediated observations on the world yet are accepted as real - foundation science's cognitive authority - science can't mirror nature - offers representations - makes things impersonal, detached - issue CC - science not only or primary medium people experience climate - social studies starting deconstruct science universal truths and power scientific knowledge - author argues representations natural world attain power not through detachment from context but contrast between how things are and how they should be - epistemic claims env sciences most trusted when engage with practices confer normative authority - peer review, cultural practices politics and law - CC problematic because separates epistemic from normative - detaches global fact from local value - to know CC as science wishes is for societies to let go modes living with nature - CC displaces community as displaces human beings as species - west science + politics long collaborated produce dominant understandings nature - behind public face env science is norm-building capacities nation-states setting baseline whose knowledge counts - diff states see diff things reliable guild policy - scaling up local to global not necessarily loss meaning/care - planetary stewardship - think globally act locally - but idea earth single entity contingent particular histories - apollo missions photos earth rise

Answer 4

- Of the 545 [460 to 630] Pg C released to the atmosphere from fossil fuel and land-use emissions from 1750 to 2011, 240 [230 to 250] Pg C accumulated in the atmosphere, as estimated with very high accuracy from the observed increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration from 278 [275 to 281] ppm in 1750 to 390.5 ppm in 2011*. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere grew by 4.0 [3.8 to 4.2] Pg C a–1 in the first decade of the 21st century. - Observed atmospheric CO2 increases with latitude: driven by anthropogenic emissions which primarily occur in the industrialized countries north of the equator - Independent line of evidence for the anthropogenic origin of the observed atmospheric CO2 increase comes from the observed consistent decrease in atmospheric O2 content and a decrease in the stable isotopic ratio of CO2 (13C/12C) in the atmosphere (Figure TS.5). {2.2.1, 6.1.3} - “Ranges in square brackets indicate a 90% uncertainty interval unless otherwise stated. The 90% uncertainty interval is expected to have a 90% likelihood of covering the value that is being estimated. Uncertainty intervals are not necessarily symmetric about the corresponding best estimate. A best estimate of that value is also given where available” - various points about carbon sequestration methods

Answer 5

- Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide 3 GHGs increased atmosphere since pre-industrial times, main cause CC - make up 80% total radiative forcing GHGs - industrial era CO2 increased 40% 278ppm 1750 to 390ppm 2011 - CH4 increased 150% and N2O 20% - current levels all 3 exceed any level measured for 800,000 years - high level confidence increase CO2 emissions from fossil fuel during and land use change - dominant cause increase - fossil fuel industry contribution estimated 30% total CH4 emissions - N2O emissions mostly from fertilisers, fossil fuels, biomass burning etc - before human causes 7000 years prior 1750 atmospheric Co2 shows slow change ice core records - 260 to 280 ppm - high confidence reductions permafrost due to warming = thawing frozen carbon - Medium confidence CH4 emissions from wetlands increase higher CO2 + warmer climate. - Likely N2O emissions from soils increase due to increased demand food + reliance agriculture nitrogen fertilisers - Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods could in theory reduce CO2 atmosphere but methods limited. Also don’t know impact CDR on carbon / other biogeochemical cycles

Answer 6

- climate geoengineering proposals seek rectify earth's radiative imbalance - reducing absorption incoming solar radiation or removing CO2 atmosphere - Geoengineering = large-scale engineering of environment to counteract changes atmospheric chemistry, mediate effects CO2 - surface temp earth net balance incoming solar shortwave radiation and outgoing long wave - geoengineering try reduce solar absorbed or increase long wave emitted - eg albedo reflection in atmosphere/surface - long wave options include sinks - shortwave might be reflection by putting something in orbit - long wave could be enhancing carbon sink, uptake Co2 plants increasing, storing carbon in biomass, geological storage etc - afforestation - air capture and storage - compare options quantify radiative forcing - impact global mean energy balance - geoengineering best seen complementing mitigation not alternative - most shortwave options heavy risk - air capture and storage greatest potential combined with afforestation, reforestation and bio-char production

Answer 7

International regimes are “social institutions that consist of agreed upon principles, norms, rules, decision making procedures, and programs that govern the interactions of actors in specific issue areas.”

Answer 8

“Students and practitioners of international politics have traditionally concentrated their attention on relationships between states. The state, regarded as an actor with purposes and power, is the basic unit of action; its main agents are the diplomat and the soldier… The environment of interstate politics, however, does not include only these powerful and well-known forces (state). A good deal of intersocietal intercourse, with significant political importance, takes place without government control.”

Answer 9

“regular interactions across national boundaries when at least one actor is a non-state agent or does not operate on behalf of a national government or an international organization.” “relates to any form of creating or maintaining political order and providing common goods for a given political community on whatever level.” therefore define transnational governance as occurring “when networks operating in the transnational sphere authoritatively steer constituents towards public goals.” “Climate governance has become complex, fragmented, and decentralized, operating without central coordination.”

Answer 10

- University Sector - large carbon footprints, sustainability, DU env strategy is not great, Edinburgh net-zero by 2040 - £64mn investment - Manchester lot initiatives - people and planet league Energy: REEEP (Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership) - hybrid agreement govs, authorities, interantional organisations, civil society, academics, NGOS, private sector/companies - 400 partners including 45 govs - mission accelerate global market for sustainable energy - 2002-2012 supported 154 clean energy projects 57 countries - created by UK gov - issues like energy access south - low carbon pathways Smart 2020: The Climate Group - tech can provide value city sustainability - city innovation on CC - 50 cities actively seeking solutions - work with companies like Google, BT, Cisco make case smart action, advocate access energy info, city innovation - tech to reduce emissions - improve efficiency cities transport, energy (Smart city) - climate group hybrid network - companies w ICT and cities

Answer 11

- growing transnational actions CC - emergence 90s - post post Kyoto - response deficit/ failures CC governance, others see CC issue as unique providing grounds cooperation beyond state level - Kyoto flexible mechanisms involved new actors climate policy - CC complex - sector issue too - influence neoliberalism and globalisation - transnational networks work through information-sharing, capacity building, funding, certification, requirements for membership - Info sharing - Climate Group convene leaders, share evidence successful low carbon growth, practical solutions - capacity building - REEEP invests clean energy markets help developing countries expand energy services/improve lives - green growth - Regulation - Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative cap 91mn tons declines 2.5% year 2015-20 - regional budget emissions power sector - regulation eg standards like emissions goals, certification schemes - Types transnational governance - Public actor networks - sub-units gov, regional/state authorities, local/city govs - eg climate alliance (european cities and indigenous peoples) 1,600 members 20 european countries aim reduce emissions 50% below 1990 levels by 2030 and protect rainforest indigenous partnerships - 2005 US Mayors' climate protection agreement (cities beat kyoto targets), 2008 EU covenant of Mayors (exceed EU policy goals) - Cop13 Bali 2008 municipalities = 2nd largest delegation - Hybid = actors public and private - PPPs (public-private partnerships) introduced 2002 Johannesburg summit SD - REEEP one largest formed UK gov 2002 - Private - non-state actors - businesses, think tanks - Climate Community and Biodiversity Alliance 2003 conservation international includes BP, Intel and NGOs like Rainforest Alliance - standard for land management projects

Answer 12

- Paris 2015 climate summit shifts climate regime to embrace transitional climate action - shift from copenhagen binding targets to countries suggest own targets - Paris commitments over 7000 cities, 5000 companies - evolution climate regime copenhagen to paris needs exploring understand embrace transnational/bottom-up - COP20 Peru 2014 Peruvian presidency saw importance climate mobilisation beyond UNFCCC - organised high level action day inviting mayors, CEOs make commitments

Answer 13

- national context has a role in actors decisions participate in transnational governance - eg New York Declaration on Forests - 30 multinational companies and many tropical countries 2014 to eliminate 8bn tonnes Co2 - some feel TCGs fill gap poor CC governance - TCG effectiveness demands if include sizeable emitters - TCG involvement varies countries and linked domestic variables - TCGs grown since 80s/90s - few emerge Rio, most around Kyoto/ early 2000s - impact political institutions - openness pol system linked ability actors engage transnational governance - agency and freedom - eg China entry FSC certification only possible with support China State Forestry Administration - degree decentralisation influential - US states for instance more autonomy issues like CC as decentralised - domestic pol institutions give actors more agency = TCG participation higher - found strong correlation - when govs have pro-climate policy goals, more actors in TCG

Answer 14

- we have no politics of climate change - urgency and necessity of climate change issue but intangibility CC encourages lethargy, lack action - wait too long, too late meaningful action - CC hard understand, actions not have immediate response = lack action - not developed analysis pol innovations needed limit warming

Answer 15

“Trajectories of climate governance are shaped by struggle and negotiations between competing sets of interests operating within and across territorial scales. Despite the customary framing of climate change as a global problem requiring global solutions, climate governance can never be disentangled from these processes, just as international and national political strategies cannot simply be rolled out to the sub-national and local levels or between political jurisdictions.”

Answer 16

- Two communities impacted global market carbon - Scotland town Grangemouth polluted oil and chemical companies since 1940s - Brazil local people's water and land swallowed up destructive monoculture eucalyptus tree plantations - Sao Jose do Buriti Brazil - south green areas clean up north's mess - oil companies scotland paying plant more eucalyptus in Brazil - supposedly soaks up CO2 - both communities exposed harms - video

Answer 17

- led way early international CC action - 1989 Thatcher speech UN General Assembly "While the conventional political dangers—the threat of global annihilation, the fact of regional war—appear to be receding, we have all recently become aware of another insidious danger. It is as menacing in its way as those more accustomed perils with which international diplomacy has concerned itself for centuries. It is the prospect of irretrievable damage to the atmosphere, to the oceans, to earth itself. … It is mankind and his activities which are changing the environment of our planet in damaging and dangerous ways.” - move away coal 90s - cc levy - business high consumption pay in - kyoto ratification - UK ETS paved way EU ETS - piloted 2002-9 - led formation IPCC 1988 - privatisation electricity provision and dash for gas - 1990 first target reduce CO2 to 1990 levels by 2005 - Rio 1992 UNFCCC agreement brokered UK - 1994 National Climate Change Strategy - New Labour gov pledges beyond UK Kyoto target reducing emissions 12.5% below 1990 levels 2008-12 - 20% reduction 2010 - 2000 New CC Programme - encourage renewable and home energy efficiency 2000s - UK met targets but not necessarily due to policy de-industrialisation, neoliberalism, outsourcing - 2000 Royal Commission Env Pollution called transformation UK energy system - fossil fuels reduced 60% below 2000 levels by 2050 - led to 2003 Energy White Paper, Our Energy Future: Creating a Low Carbon Economy committed reducing use fossil fuels in energy system as called for - 2008 CC Act - 2005 friends of the earth big ask campaign aim get cross party support cc bill - annual targets UK reduce emissions 3% - formation stop climate chaos campaign - CC bill include gov target 80% reduction all UK emissions below 1990 levels by 2050 - Amendment act - achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050 - Moratorium on fracking october 2019 (opportunity to repeal) - not accounting commodity emissions

Answer 18

- 4th largest emitter - developing - historically low emissions - poverty 70% live less $2 day - Global warming in an unequal world by agarwal and narain influenced India = not responsible cc - focus historical emissions - survival vs luxury emissions - “On June 30, 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh released India’s first National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlining existing and future policies and programs addressing climate mitigation and adaptation. The plan identifies eight core “national missions” running through 2017.” “Emphasizing the overriding priority of maintaining high economic growth rates to raise living standards, the plan “identifies measures that promote our development objectives while also yielding co-benefits for addressing climate change effectively.” It says these national measures would be more successful with assistance from developed countries, and pledges that India’s per capita greenhouse gas emissions “will at no point exceed that of developed countries even as we pursue our development objectives.” - Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions June 2008 - “Though India is not part of the problem, it wants to be part of the solution. Our historical cumulative emission as of today is below 3%... The developed world must take moral responsibility for the state of the world today.” Prakash Javadekar, India’s environment minister (2015) - “The desire to improve one's lot has been the primary driving force behind human progress. While a few fortunate fellow beings have moved far ahead in this journey of progress, there are many in the world who have been left behind. Nations that are now striving to fulfil this 'right to grow' of their teeming millions cannot be made to feel guilty of their development agenda as they attempt to fulfil this legitimate aspiration.” India’s NDC (2016) - India v diff responsibilities depending use total emissions, current emissions, per capita emissions - huge HEP potential utilised - INDC before paris pledges cut emissions intensity of economy - ratio carbon emissions per unit of GDP - cut 35% by 2030- also source 40% electricity renewable/low carbon 2030 - signed Paris

Answer 19

- policies consistent 1.5 degrees - NDC reduce emissions compared BAU 2030 17% or 42% if get climate finance - energy - 53% electricity produced renewables, largest solar plant world - member climate vulnerable forum - 15-20% reduction precipitation since 1990 + severe droughts 2015 - climate finance to develop - reliant agriculture

Answer 20

- 90s targets - 1988 levels by 2000 and reduce 20% emissions by 2005 - 1995 gov reversed position, 1997 bargained not reduce emissions, refused ratify Kyoto - 2015 australia reduce emissions 26-28% of 2005 levels by 2030 - highest emitter per capita - economy relies emission intensive industry and high carbon - carbon wars film - 2011 election - cc high agenda - labour female MP branded liar over carbon tax = lost election

Answer 21

- issues equity / justice climate governance - responsibility - historic relations/ inequalities/ emissions - contributed least most susceptible worst impacts CC - Ugandan President called CC act aggression rich against poor- rich moral duty - issue developing countries seen as sink developed emissions - carbon colonialism - G77 demands more action developed yet contains China, India, Brazil - differentiated responsibilities - reflect past, current, future GHG emission trends - ecological debt south - richest 20% world population = 60% current emissions - issue where global supply networks responsibility emissions lie ie. production or consumption - eg china high emissions due to production for west - outsourcing - global governance complicated by BRICs - who should meet costs addressing CC - funds N to S - how generate new funds - carbon taxes, need private investment - adaptation fund part funded sales emissions reductions cdm - issue CDM funding going to china, india not africa (2% projects) - trade flows unregulated, not consider env factors - not governed public bodies - who bears cost - poorer/marginalised communities - 1/3 population world susceptible water scarcity - electricity demand will x5 next 30 years - cyclones Mozambique 1999 killed 700, 1mn displaced, reconstruction $700mn - land given up sinks often poor - Norwegian company in Uganda leased lands sequestration project - 8000 people + 13 villages evicted - green land grabs

Answer 22

- Australia domestic CC response - no-regrets guiding principle - idea addressing env problems can bring econ, social and env benefits - reconciliation env/econ objectives through cost/benefit analysis - Kyoto Australia reluctant accept legally binding targets - crippling impacts economy and trade competitiveness - advocate differentiated approach - each state same econ loss in pursuit emissions reductions - australia granted emission increase 2008-12 - Australia reliant emissions-intensive industries and has little political will act CC - ecological modernisation discourse - recognises structural nature env problems but assumes existing institutions can internalise env care - re-embed econ sphere within env limits - idea need not be contradiction env protection and econ growth - 1990 Australia Interim Planning Target from toronto - reduce emissions 1988 levels by 1990 + 20% 2005 - meet without impact eco/trade - 90-92 tried look into solving - Ecological sustainable development report 1991 and industry commission - both preferences market, focus cost - effective policy so env benefits are free - 1992 national greenhouse response strategy ineffective - 1994 CC back agenda due failure - carbon tax met opposition = voluntary implementation by industry - goal integrate econ/env goals but impossible - no-regrets just = BAU

Answer 23

- Great Barrier Reef warming-caused bleaching, ocean acidification - Australia's blue mountains threat cc - smoke filled rainforest, sky brown haze - locals never seen anything like this - record heat, unprecedented drought, bushfires - australia coal-based carbon emissions - animals like koala burning and perishing huge numbers - australia on fire yet PM vacation in Hawaii - aligned coal interests - australia dangerous CC already here - needs leadership - vote out fossil-fuelled politicians

Answer 24

- HOPE? - Costa Rica - ambitious plan decarbonise economy by 2050 - last year 98% electricity from renewable, economy still grew 3% - March/April 2019 2 tropical cyclones hit SE Africa, killing 600 and 3mn emergency aid - but improvement forecasting disaster - first early warning - meant UK gov eg. worked aid agencies deliver supplies before hit - Decleration of climate emergency - 1,200 local authorities declared climate emergency in 2019 - wave activism - first time UK major leading party manifesto climate action at core - XR, media coverage, school strikes - 75% Americans now accept humans have caused CC - empowered generation

Answer 25

- August peak 30,901 more fires last year (3x) - forest fires occur naturally but this due to farmers/loggers - amazon largest rainforest world, huge diversity and carbon store - world neg reaction, condemns president Bolsonaro's policies - deforestation problem - 7,747km2 cleared 2019 up to october - likely even higher - Paraguay also loosing hectares forests and wetlands

Answer 26

- Longest UN climate talks on record Madrid end compromise deal - all countries to put new climate pledges on table by Glasgow conference - need address gap happening and what needed to avoid danger - huge pressure Glasgow - Johnson's £28.8bn road-building plans not compatible eliminating CO2 emissions - 2019 on course to be in top 3 warmest years - 20 warmest years on record all happened past 22 years - currently on track 3-5 degree increase end century

Answer 27

- last labour Uk gov radical cc policy - 2008 CC act - before 2006 incremental approach CCEP, gradual shifts - C/E often traded off over policy objectives. 2006 stronger emissions targets, priority - see shift from CC Programme 2006 to UK Low Carbon Transition Plan 2009 - reduction 2-3mn tonnes CO2 per annum till 2010 compared 9mn tonnes till 2020 - Downs (1972) argues env issues go through cycles of attention, obscurity to enthusiasm public/media demanding gov action - Kingdon - major policy hits occur 3 stress problems, politics and policies converge window opportunity for change (politics = pressure, national mood, policy = solutions available) - window for change - Zaharidis (2003) coupling = consequential (problems emerge, pol pressure builds = policy solution) or doctrinal (window opens politics = find problem fits existing solution) - Baumgartner and Jones argue policy makers only capable focusing few issues at a time, little attention issues low agenda - normal periods incrementalism policy - but window of opportunity can remove friction, chance radical change - both models see radical change policy short - but 2006-2010 4 years - 2006 12.5% reduction GHG emissions 2008-12 from 90s levels kyoto - 20% reduction by 2010 from 1990 levels labour target - £35mn CCs tech, homies efficiency standards - 2009 34% reduction GHG emissions 2020 from 90 levels and 80% 2050 - 15% energy renewable by 2020, all new homes zero carbon by 2016 - 2005 attention CC - Blair highlights it at G8 summit, Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth, Stern Review - 2008 friends earth, cross-party support, climate bill - problem, pressure, policy - CC policy shift only env issue with the stern report - econ framing - CC cause 5-20% GDP per annum damage vs mitigation cost 1% - econ argument intensified post 2008 crash - 2009 gov low carbon industrial strategy £405mn support job creation/growth green sectors - Eu external policy - 2007 ambitious climate targets for 2020 - requiring 34% reduction UK GHG emissions, 15% renewable energy target - venue shifts - party competition - pressure labour gov climate policy - cameron vote blue, go green strategy 2006 - 3 major parties competing be green - 2 key issues - Labour's plan build 3rd runway at Heathrow - also application build GB new coal power station kent first 3 decades - individual politicians made CC part narrative identity - badge progressive politics

Answer 28

- India under pressure sign legally binding emissions treaty - developed argue should based historic emissions - India recognising co-benefits dev/cc objectives, flexible mitigation targets - 50% pop depend climate sensitive sectors - 76% pop live less $2 a day - 3rd global emitter GHGs, tripling CO2 emissions fuel 1990-2011. Rising emissions = US refusal sign treaties - India 17% world population per capita emission 1 ton vs US less 5% pop 17 tons - Cop17 2011 durban india refused sign legal framework include dev and developing countries - CC discourses emerge same time 80s india transitioning market economy - initial protecting domestic dev/sovereignty - claim env colonialism, luxury vs survival emissions - India part effort differentiated responsibility/historic emissions UNFCCC - 40% indian pop not access energy - opportunity india use renewables, not follow path North - India aligned US? don't want legal binding, want flexibility - vulnerability used NGOs lobby gov

Answer 29

- “Green economy aims to use economic rationality and market mechanisms to mute the most ecologically damaging effects of globalized capitalism while reviving economic growth in the global North, fostering development in the South, and decoupling economic growth from environmental decline.” - “Diffuse, longer-term trends associated with ecological modernisation, including the shift towards precautionary, proactive approaches in environmental policy and the growing belief that green technologies could help reconcile economic growth and ecological integrity were critical in opening up policy agenda.”

Answer 30

- 2005 first carbon neutral bank (offsets, finance emissions reduction projects) - based only operations - banks not have huge footprint - not based investments - 2007 Climate partnership - building consensus CC real, important business, collective action needed - climate champions 40,000 staff global tasforce drive change - bearing witness to CC - $100mn env NGOs - climate partnership - encourage low carbon investment

Answer 31

- half emissions per square foot stores/ distribution centres by 2020 compared 2006 - reduce emissions distribution per case goods delivered 25% 2020 compared 2011 - reduce emissions of products in our supply chain 30% by 2020 compared 2008 - help customers ways halve carbon footrpint - eg glass doors fridges better energy efficiency - now normalised

Answer 32

- increasing role private sector CC governance - firms see opportunity - corporations account large amount emissions - shell emits more saudi arabia - long time businesses mobilised stall CC action - fossil fuel firms - Global Climate Coalition, Climate Council dominant voice 90s industry CC negotiations - violent lobbying against EU carbon tax proposed 1992 - challenge climate science + created NGOs convince public CC not real threat - Information Council for the Environment set up fuel, electricity and coal US companies - emphasised econ costs tackling CC - Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics modelling exercises predict loss jobs - membership committee included Exxon, Mobil - impact australian gov - idea carbon leakage (N countries reduce emissions businesses just relocate polluting parts overseas - no point one country taking action, all need to) - another strategy to create statement at negotiations - since Kyoto shift businesses seeing CC opportunity - first mover advantages - consumer concern and CC corporate social responsibility - NGOs like UK Climate Group play role making business case CC action - private climate governance been contested other actors - disputing claims, consumer boycotts, expose - eg fossil fuel divestment campaigns - 2015 22 cities, 2 countries, 20 religious organisations, 9 unis signed up - issue private voluntary regulation = firms only act under pressure

Answer 33

- green economy aims use econ rationality/ market mechanisms to mute worst ecological effects capitalism while maintaining econ growth N, dev S, decouple econ and env - eg ecosystem services, REDD+ - failure UNFCCC met with international carbon trading - green economy popularised ecological modernisation - IS this compatible?- degrowth gaining attention - sustainability and social justice incompatible free trade + econ growth - limitless growth not possible - green economy call price env costs/benefits - cap and trade - offsets, CDM, REDD+ - doubt PES as conservation/CC mitigation strategy - lacks understanding ecological complexity and interdependence - aim bring nature into economy subject to rational management - carbon markets deepen existing inequalities and ineffective against CC - green grabbing - green economy tries make climate politically neutral - doubt offset trading achieve large reductions GHGs - degrowth or buen vivir - relational ontologies, inherent issue capitalist contradictions - both approaches grasp grasp inherent destruction limitless market-driven growth and Q human-nature relations

Answer 34

- need third sector mobilisation to solve climate crisis - pol leaders not suffering CC impacts = no leadership on the issue - 30-40year timelag climate system - electoral cycle 4-5years - distrust public and leaders - constraints national action power TNCs and global economy - ideological hostility mainstream politics to state intervention business - hope is with public action - pol mobilisation - not yet sustained pressure scale needed - need widespread specific understandings personal impact CC get all involved mobilising - need mass movement people living low-carbon lifestyles - consumer choices influence public and private sector

Answer 35

- Australian fires yet gov not shifting position emissions - focus on adaptation - need real solution but avoided - can't claim agree science then disregard it

Answer 36

- new citizens assembly made up 110 members public cc qs - panel selected reflect society - 4 weekends listening evidence from experts offer options achieve net zero 2050

Answer 37

- developing economies many CC challenges - impact communities knock on effect businesses - private sector much contribute greening economy - community/social risks are also business risk - much commitment private sector CC action depends market demand env products

Answer 38

- trend market instruments - EU ETS started 2005 - spatial politics NL env governance - state power to supranational climate regime - tech/market knowledge needed design/operate ETS - role industry - Eu ETS creation pos due to supranational, state and industry actors all covering around regulatory logic Eu ETS as cost-effective way achieve emissions targets Kyoto - EU accepted decentralised system to gain initial support then gradually centralised decision-making - separate to post Kyoto EU negotiated single pol entity - reduce emissions 8% below 1990 levels 2008/12 - EU burden sharing Agreement 1998 work out members commitment - uk -12.5% vs portugal +27% emissions from 1990 level - 95% phase 1 and 90% phase 2 permits free of charge (grandfathering) - many sectors generous emissions allocations phase 1 - exceeded real emissions over 100mn tonnes - 2006 EU ETS review inform reforms scheme phase 2 2008 - consultation 76% respondents companies/sectors - gaming practices corrupt market - eg purchase large volumes EUAs prices low, then make profits

Answer 39

“Man is both creature and moulder of his environment, which gives him physical sustenance and affords him the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth. In the long and tortuous evolution of the human race on this planet a stage has been reached when, through the rapid acceleration of science and technology, man has acquired the power to transform his environment in countless ways and on an unprecedented scale. Both aspects of man's environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights the right to life itself.”

Answer 40

- 1991 First National People of Colour Environmental Leadership Summit - 17 principles (sacred earth, ecological unity, interdependence species, cultural practices, rights, indigenous) - 2001 Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative (outcome COP6 Hague) - 2005 Hurricane Katrina New Orleans - local env justice more connected global climate issues - 2004 Durban Group for Climate Justice (rejects carbon trading, terminate fossil fuel mining) - carbon trading is commodifying nature and selling it = CC - 2007 Climate Justice Now! Bali COP13 (eco debt history) - 2009 Climate Justice Action Copenhagen (anti-globalised markets - same structure oppresses climate) - 2010 World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth - People's agreement (rejects elements UNFCCC like forest monoculture, reaffirms structural oppression) - 2007 UN Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples - informed consent harm before happens, right protect env/ lands

Answer 41

- sacredness mother earth, ecological unity, interdependence species - right to be free ecological destruction - demands public policy based mutual respect/justice all peoples, free discrimination/bias - right to ethnical, balanced, responsible uses land and renewable resources interests all living things - universal protection from nuclear testing, extraction, production and disposal hazardous wastes/ poisons and nuclear testing threaten right clean air, land, water + food - right to pol, econ, cultural, env self-determination all - cessation production toxins, hazardous wastes, radioactive materials - past and current producers held accountable at point production - right to participate as equal partners every level decision-making - right all workers safe work environment without forced choose unsafe livelihood and employment - right of victims env injustice to receive full compensation and health care - gov acts env injustice = violation international law, UN Human Rights Decleration and UN Convention Genocide - recognise legal and natural relationship native peoples to US gov - need urban and rural ecological policies clean up and rebuild cities/rural areas in balance with nature - enforcement principles informed consent, halt testing medial procedures people color - opposes destructive operations MNCs - opposes military occupation, repression and exploitation lands, peoples, cultures - education present/future generations emphasises social and env issues based diverse cultural perspectives - requires individuals make personal choices to consume as little earth's resources + produce little waste, conscious decision challenge lifestyles to preserve natural world

Answer 42

- development countries India/China need share blame CC = env colonialism - yet producing more emissions - report designed blame developing countries/share global warming responsibility - USA World Resources Institute - used strengthen US position avoid paying ecological reparations - blame growing populations developing world - developing expect industrialised nations lead way - statement N vs S - WRI figures Co2 and methane questionable - heavy focus CO2 due to deforestation, methane from rice fields as opposed fossil fuels - overstated Brazil's CO2 emissions from deforestation by using 1987 peak figure not average - need consider nation's GHG emissions by looking sources emissions and terrestrial sinks - emissions matched share commons - net emissions - WRI report no distinction countries exceeding vs not world's absorptive capacity - India large contributor GHG but compared population not over earth's systems share - USA 4.73% world population, emits 26% Co2 and 20% methane - need incentive low emissions - WRI report flashed globally raises Qs role western mass media - comparatively IPSEP report no publicity but done energy analysts (industrialised fault) - plant trees third world fix dirty carbon N appalling - A power generating company, Applied Energy Services of Arlington, Virginia which is building a power plant in Connecticut has entered into an agreement with a US voluntary agency to plant trees, not in the US but in Guatemala. The com- pany has meticulously calculated that the new 180 megawatt power plant will emit 387,000 tonnes of carbon each year during its 40 year life. And that planting 52 million trees will absorb this dirt. It has undertaken a project with the international relief and development agency, CARE to plant trees in Guatemala and “help” the poor farmers.” As far West concerned, Third World can continue fix its carbon/ dispose its toxic wastes. - need third world research and strong pol leadership

Answer 43

- influence env justice on climate justice - env justice starts USA 80s - toxic waste dumping African-American communities - merging env and civil rights movement - 1983 3/4 hazardous waste landfills SE USA in minority communities - env justice challenged understanding env as wilderness, nature detached everyday - movement engaged indigenous ideas humans/non human - focus injustice - those already exposed disadvantage subject env harms - env racism - env justice expands geographically from USA and topically CC - Hurricane Katrina often understood env/climate justice intersection - relation before that - Env justice and cc initiative founded 2001 - principles climate justice 2002 - new orleans solidified confluence env justice and CC issue - pre-existing injustices - pre katrina focus cancer alley - academic theory see climate justice in relation things like historic responsibility, per capita approach - NGOs / organisations work eg. with Mary Robinson Foundation - grassroots climate justice -Corpwatch - 2004 Durban Group for Climate Justice - COP 2009 Klimaforum - draw attention culture

Answer 44

- themes indigenous CC narratives - CC intensification env change imposed ingenious people by colonialism; renewing TEK can bring indigenous communities strength CC plans; indigenous people imagine CC futures from view as societies with deep histories adapting env change and having deal disruptions colonialism, capitalism, industrialisation - indigenous studies offer decolonising approaches address CC - colonialism, then capitalism - env change dealt with before - climate another step history relocation and displacement - colonial history, children to boarding schools, now climate displacement - put reservations etc before - indigenous look long futures eg. 10,000 years ahead - need indigenise our futures - why ancestors seen today as dystopian

Answer 45

- need revolutionise hierarchy 1% - undemocratic US, rising inequality, mass incarceration, pol system corrupt big money - CC impact us all - billionaire class holds back from dealing crisis head on

Answer 46

- Env justice principle borrowed civil rights - every community and resident right equal protection env laws, housing, education etc - env justice about basic human rights - Birth Env justice US 1982 Warren county - toxic waste in community - blacks 79% more likely whites live where industrial pollution poses greatest health danger - need address legacy to build healthy, resilient communities - race, equity issues - optimistic marathon

Answer 47

- climate justice central mobilisations opposition Copenhagen COP 2009 - climate justice breaks with attempts construct CC as post-political - 12 Dec 2009 100,000 marched streets protest COP15 - failure govs + neoliberal market logics promoted tools solve crisis - activists held alternative climate summit - translocal organising - 24 october 2009 global day action saw 5200 actions 181 countries - spaces action include KimaForum, sites across city housed activists, streets - copenhagen springboard climate justice activism/movement - Philippines Movement for Climate Justice formed after - 2010 World People's Conference on CC and Rights Earth in Bolivia - space climate justice concerns - ecological debt - swyngedouw - cc constructed post-political issue - protests against exploitation Tar Sands in Canada targeted white house - antagonisms - also between diff climate justice networks - as well as eg env poor vs middle-class activism - 12 dec 2009 climate justice demonstration demanded major systemic changes address CC - lot work done push antagonism out dominant constructions political - copenhagen exposed unequal social, env relations underpin post-pol carbon consensus - the commons - central demand translocal pol networks - tricky commons commodification - solidarities climate justice - copenhagen event allowed strengthening solidarity links- Klimaforum declaration signed 466 civil society organisations - connection N and S

Answer 48

- worst case scenario CO2 emissions this century no longer plausible - 6 degrees 2100, current trend looks 3 degrees - RCP8.5 v high emissions - actually a 3% chance scenario but seen as BAU - been misusing worst climate scenario - RCP8.5 = 90th percentile outcome - not positive but some progress

Answer 49

- increase extreme weather events impact work - 2040 hopefully electric shuttle, not car, ride bike car-free streets - other changes happen no choice - on track hit 1.5 degree warming in 2040 - extreme heat = work home - work/school closures heat - low-income workers most vulnerable - relocate away high-risk areas like US coast - mass migration - cities need more resilient - few companies adapting fast enough

Answer 50

- The Guardian no longer accepts advertising oil/gas companies, first major global news organisation to ban taking money fossil fuel companies - company commitment carbon-neutral 2030 - ban = financial hit hard short-term

Answer 51

‘The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt.’ - contextual vulnerability (starting-point) - ‘A present inability to cope with external pressures or changes, such as changing climate conditions. Contextual vulnerability is a characteristic of social and ecological systems generated by multiple factors and processes (O’Brien et al., 2007).’ - Outcome Variability (end-point) - ‘Vulnerability as the end point of a sequence of analyses beginning with projections of future emission trends, moving on to the development of climate scenarios, and concluding with biophysical impact studies and the identification of adaptive options. Any residual consequences that remain after adaptation has taken place define the levels of vulnerability (Kelly and Adger, 2000; O’Brien et al., 2007)’

Answer 52

- vulnerability can contribute resilience understanding - resilience = magnitude disturbance absorbed before system changes radically different state, capacity self-organise/ for adaptation - susceptibility - vulnerability driven human action - vulnerability food insecurity explained entitlement theory - entitlements = potential/actual resources available individuals based on their own production or assets - food insecurity consequence human activity prevented modified behaviour/pol interventions- theory entitlements explanation famine causes 80s - displaced ideas drought, floods principle cause famine - demand food - vulnerable shocks low real income/wealth - entitlements approach explain situations populations vulnerable even when no absolute shortage - human ecology emphasises role econ dev, class - from hazards to socio-ecological systems (vulnerability) - CC vulnerability all research traditions + new analysis - already vulnerable groups worst impact CC - Barnett (2006) notes link CC and conflict - hard measure vulnerability = in continuous flux - measure need reflect social processes, material outcomes - vulnerability perceived/experienced differently by vulnerable - culturally specific env changes - vulnerability understood diff ways - english gardeners concerned early arrival spring - issue vulnerable people excluded decision-making about them - recognise knowledge

Answer 53

ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMING PROBLEM

Answer 54

- diff interpretations vulnerability matter CC - outcome and contextual vulnerability - scientific vs human-security framing - frames prioritise diff type knowledge production and policy response - differ too much integrated framework - human-security less visible - IPCC CC vulnerability function exposure, sensitivity, adaptability - end-point vs starting-point (Kelly and Adger 2000): - end-point makes vulnerability end-point analyses beginning future emissions projections to dev climate scenarios, impact studies, identify adaptive options - consequences after adaptation are vulnerability levels - vulnerability net impact climate problem - starting-point considers vulnerability as present inability to cope external pressures / change - Mozambique CS - outcome often focus solutions not addressing causes

Answer 55

- social networks and vulnerability elderly people UK heatwaves - many vulnerable people recognised issue heat but not see themselves as vulnerable - social networks often seen elderly as able make own assessments - neg narratives elderly wellbeing face heat risk perpetuated social networks - personal perceptions risk crucial detriment - not necessarily construction relationship social networks and health outcomes

Answer 56

- Thwaites glacier exploring where warm ocean water meets ice at its front - ice begins melt - most important glacier world, size Britain, already accounts 4% world sea level rise annually - enough water one glacier raise sea levels over half meter - centre west Antarctic ice sheet - until now no-one tried scientific survey of it - UK-US scientific effort understand why glacier changing so fast - lack research remote - team dill down glacier to point flat - never done such big dynamic glacier before - access sea water melting glacier to find where from/ why attacking glacier so much - glacier is below sea level and has downward sloping submarine bed - glacier thickens as goes inland - deepest point, base glacier over mile below sea level - deep warm ocean water flowing to coast and down to ice front, melting glacier - glacier retreats exposing more ice - ice cut off bottom, surface area end glacier bigger = more exposed ice for water to melt - plus gravity as ice wants to be flat - front melts = weight reservoir ice pushes forward - more melts - why glacier retreating so fast - warm seawater from other side world - complex interplay climate, weather and ocean currents - gulf stream cools greenland/iceland, water sinks - heavy salty water carried deep ocean current to south atlantic, becomes part antarctic circumpolar current flowing deep below layer colder water - changing climate = pacific ocean warming up = shifting wind patterns off coast Q Antarctica allowing warm deep water well up - melt glacier - front glacier collapsing 3km year - Thwaites take decades melt but sea level rise big impact

Answer 57

- UK sued for approving europe's biggest gas power station - UK gov being sued approving new gas power plant - undermine CC act 2008 - advice against rejected, given go-ahead - now ClientEarth suing ministers

Answer 58

ANTI-POLITICS - DEV | - case study more detail - printed in folder

Answer 59

Inuit in Canada - object dev programs - forced live urban towns - take Inuit children away state schools - can't speak own language, learn about own culture - last school shut down 90s - not work - high suicide rate

Answer 60

- rendering technical - vulnerability rendered technical - focus capacities poor than practices through which one social group impoverishes another

Answer 61

- resilience and climate-resilient development critique

Answer 62

- human dimensions CC Arctic - colonialism from study vulnerability/adaptation - way frame indigenous lives/relations - scholars overlook resource extraction/shipping arctic - lack research impact CC on Arctic human population - growing considering indigenous but focus TEK or vulnerability/adaptation - CC tied colonial practice - GHG production linked dispossession indigenous - CC needs engage colonialism and PC - exclusions vulnerability and adaptation approach - focuses indigenous as local, limited realm traditional - associated with place, vulnerable as can only survive there - in reality indigenous knowledge not limited local application - see colonialism as gone but processes/practices persist - poverty, loss culture, language, lack resource control, health disparities - colonial guise help continues - gov problematises indigenous , render technical, non-political - younger indigenous seen less able adapt cc don't have skills/knowledge past generations - reframe CC as problem adaptation not needs addressing - prior gov intervention cause barriers adapt

Answer 63

- Bangladesh coastal region Khulna, ecological threat rural livelihoods - development regime - CC adaptation based dystopian future CC devastation = radical dev projects coastal regions - inequality and dispossession due shrimp agriculture - locals want return traditional rice agriculture - Ground zero cc adaptation - lab dev practice/research - previous dev experiments cause rural inequality and dispossession - Khula SW Bangladesh seen doomed - remote, vulnerable, cut off Dhaka/rest country Padma River - sinking location - assume farmers don't want be farmers, CC adaptation way out - assume same aspirations dev officials - eg NGO WorldFish tested climate smart house one family - concrete stilts, tech fixes climate problem - house for point website, ideological not material - dev bangladesh neoliberal since 80s - transform labour force away farms - export garments and frozen shrimp - shrimp exports $550mn 2014 - see migration from SW coast desirable

Answer 64

- adaptation needs understood as political - always political and contested - narrow focus policy risk rendering technical - need pay more attention power and politics - adaptation social processes, CC bound up social - adaptation not linear, same every population - everyday at stake - actors need influence decisions - issue adaptation authority - issue northern knowledge dominating - authority, knowledge and subjectivity - adaptation needs reframing as socio-pol processes - struggles over authority, knowledge, subjectivity range actors

Answer 65

- Antarctica logs hottest temp on record 18.3 - new high, antarctica warming faster global average - antarctica peninsula heating 3 degrees past 50 years - glacier melt - breaks record antarctic continent, not region - current warming rate unprecedented past 2000 years

Answer 66

- UK unprepared COP26 - lack coherence leadership - not high priority - Robinson - fact major british politicians unwilling take role leading summit damaging - pitched host but don't want role - need stable president smooth process - Johnson needs show leadership cutting emissions beyond net zero 2050 promise - COP26 need real action meet Paris

Answer 67

- traditional modernist view science and relationship to policy = policy informed science - science to facts to truth to policy - trans-science - qs asked science but not answered by it - set Qs middle science / policy informed both, neither can answer, no one truth

Answer 68

- linear model behaviour change | - can change people's behaviour by giving them info - inform decisions

Answer 69

Public Education Model - expert knowledge to intermediaries eg gov to public - scientific knowledge opposite lay knowledge - scientific knowledge authority, is universal, lay is public - public authorities as intermediaries in linear relation Public Debate Model - education overcomes public knowledge deficit - scientific knowledge never complete, can be contested - science provisional until extensive peer review - consultation/ debate Co-production of Knowledge Model - dynamic, collective learning, diff publics participate knowledge generation - science not privileged, one input - wide distribution expertise in society

Answer 70

Ryedale Flood-Modelling example - Picking flooding 2007 - local knowledge to help system understanding

Answer 71

- 3 models - Public Education Model - scientific knowledge universal, objective, opposite lay, science separate, trust lay and scientists - Public Debate Model - scientific knowledge universal value but is incomplete as produced lab - conditions scientific knowledge enrichment - public views incorporated - Co-production knowledge - participation lay production knowledge, diff knowledge types important, rich knowledge

Answer 72

- UK CS - top-down approach (policy set aims translated ground) vs bottom up (other actors importance) - need integrate CC dimension into all areas policy making - clash top and bottom eg UK local authorities claim prevented thinking longer timescales by short-term budgetary cycles imposed central gov - consider vertical not just horizontal governance interplay - policy vs interviews - top analysis showed CC adaptation yet incorporated into majority policies - despite pledges CPI. - bottom up constraints on adaptive planning unrelated policies eg attempts recreate wetland habitat near cambridge complicated reservoirs act (flood prevention) - unclear policies for ground implementation - CPI needs integrated both levels - policy could be better suited local implementation

Answer 73

- moments ontological disturbance - gallon labour knowledge controversies = generative events slow down reasoning, opportunities diff awareness problem/situation - GM food controversy - Bush administration ignorance scientific knowledge CC - knowledge controversies mobilised as pol obfuscation devices - white house science advisor claimed respect both sides argument - demoscience - prepare scientists pol/social dimensions science / tech - GM used eg - flooding cs - participatory research yorkshire and sussex - scientific knowledge claims about flooding product modelling and are thus uncertain and provisional - modelling predicts future events from observed ones - provisional as models only as good data on which run

Answer 74

- social learning - water management - SLIM project - european research project investigate social learning for integrated management/ sustainable use water catchment scale - EU funded projected socio-econ aspects sustainable water use - social learning approach based idea sustainable water catchments are property social processes, not technical property ecosystem - issue humans force, econ growth damage ecosystems - need new paradigm - a post-normal science deal complex issues - no longer just look water catchments as biophysical, top down science based solutions - issue institutionalised rationality scientists/experts - lack awareness research practice, epistemology- science no longer only source expertise

Answer 75

Newcastle floods social media

Answer 76

- earth hottest january since records began - 1.14 degrees above C20th average Jan 2020 - 2020 jan exceed temps last 141 years - russia, scandinavia and east canada temps 5C above average or more - sweden Orebro reached hottest since 1858 jan temp 10.3

Answer 77

- Western cities could see 3C temp rise may need double water supply - Bangkok, Amsterdam and Melbourne cities most hit by CC by 2050 - Thailand's capital hit rising sea levels worse any other - amsterdam similar levels - Cardiff 4th city most risk rising sea levels, london 7th out of 85 cities (top 5 = Bangkok, Amsterdam, Ho Chi Minh, Cardiff, New Orleans) - melbourne greatest threat from increased need water - cities greatest temp rise 2050 = Ljublijana, cincinnati, jerusalem, chicago, nashville, ottawa, stockholm, budapest, toronto, washington

Answer 78

(not examinable - look notes if need) | - Accumulation by decarbonisation and governance carbon offsets

Answer 79

(not examinable - look notes if need) | - Nature as accumulation strategy - carbon markets

Answer 80

(not examinable - look notes if need) | - ethics of carbon offsetting

Answer 81

- isolation/behaviour shifts COVID-19 alter emissions - changes stick? - social isolation help reduce individual emission production - reduced carbon footprint - transportation, food, home, shopping

Answer 82

- world way off track meet GW targets - urgent, far reaching action needed limit 1.5/2 degrees - 2019 second hottest record, 1.1 degree above pre-industrial - 2015-19 5 warmest years on record - GHG levels and carbon emissions rose 2019 - emissions 0.6% - heatwaves europe - spread dengue fever - 22mn forced out homes floods/storms - australia drought - arctic wildlife v rare - greenland ice sheet lost 329bn tonnes ice 2019

Answer 83

Person Carbon Allowances - a model to alleviate distributional issues

Answer 84

- growth projects individuals do bit CC in relation critique individualisation environmentalists - governmentality - 2000s rise focus individual - 2006 UK proposal personal carbon allowances - footprints, offsets, books - peer pressure social media - neoliberal, individual - displace responsibility - individualisation distraction problem - voluntary offsets, marketisation, carbon colonialism - CC collective problem - not rely consumer choices - critique doesn't get complexity - need understand individual practice as part reproduction structures capital/state - carbon footprinting, offsetting, dieting, carbon rationing action groups (individuals work collectively cut emissions eg competition who reduce most), personal carbon allowances - 5 practices governance individual level

Answer 85

- GHG emissions linked UK consumption (UK carbon footprint) fell 2016 - 2015-16 carbon footprint fell 6% - carbon footprint peaked 997mn tonnes CO2e 2007 - GHG emissions linked imports rose 61% 1997 to peak 2007, 2016 28% higher 97 but 21% lower peak - since 97 UK economy continued move manufacturing to services - goods buy/use produced overseas - GHG footprint including imports 45% higher 2016 than 97 - emissions in imports China - households UK proportion footprint 15-19% 97-2016 - emissions imports china 276% higher than 97 - UK carbon footprint measured diff ways diff purposes - territorial basis only includes emissions UK borders (basis UNFCCC) - production basis/residents includes emissions produced UK residents Uk or abroad but exclude UK emissions attributed international residents - consumption basis, production basis and territorial basis - consumption includes imports

Answer 86

- coronavirus start mass pandemics habitat/biodiveristy loss - Mayibout 1996 Ebola spilled from forest into small village killed 21/37 villagers who were infected - killed 90% infected - deadly diseases new humans emerge biodiversity hotspots - human destruction biodiversity = new viruses - invade wild landscapes, disrupt ecosystems, shake viruses loose natural hosts - animal-borne disease outbreaks on rise - ebola, says, bird flue, covid-19 - 3/4 emerging new diseases originate animals - reducing natural barriers us and viruses = humans causing spread - issues informal markets - wet markets wuhan - very hard get rid off wild animal trade - diseases likely travel further and further

Answer 87

- klimafragen.org latest attempt question sceintific/social consensus CC Germany - well-known climate deniers - for years 80% german population convinced CC, support green energy and tough climate goals - barely any german company opposes climate science unlike US, UK - media rarely give platform sceptics - deniers now have platform in German Parliament - far right AfD challenges scientific consensus, mocks Greta - climate denialism entering mainstream - germany's coal phase-out 2038 40bn euros financing behind it - climate protection law - net zero 2050

Answer 88

- Greenland's melting ice raised global sea level 2.2mm in 2 months - satellite data shows 600bn tons ice loss last summer Greenland - greenland ice sheet lost 268bn tons ice 2002-2019 - ice being lost from greenland 7x faster 90s - putting 400mn people risk flooding every year by end century

Answer 89

- Johnson urged resist calls postpone climate talks - discussions postpone COP26 from this november - stop real progress - frontlines can't afford postpone - pre cop meetings already cancelled - italy

Answer 90

- Europe - Germany, Portugal, Poland - North America - USA, Mexico, Canada - Southeast Asia - Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia - OPEC - United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Ecuador - BASIC - Brazil, South Africa, China - Climate Vulnerable Forum - Bangladesh, Kenya, Palestine - Alliance of Small Island States - Maldives, Haiti, Tuvalu - Independent Alliance of Latin America and the Caribbean - Chile, Costa Rica, Panama

Answer 91

- climate science used adaptation policy Queensland - Australia dependent primary industries - Queensland IPCC CC vulnerable hotspot due to climate extremes, large population, low lying urban coast - bushfires too - national gov claims accept credibility anthropogenic CC and consensus climate science but limited pol leverage address CC adaptation - labour gov uk focus cc adaptation but since seen pol shift = cc downgraded policy priority, CC adaptation policies scrapped

Answer 92

Australia likely use controversial Kyoto loophole to meet Paris - use carryover credits Kyoto (carbon credits from exceeding Kyoto targets) - australia clause - would make meeting Paris for them 15% instead of 26/28 - australia emissions still rising

Answer 93

- australia national policies adapting CC - adaptation policy consistent neoliberalism - ecological modernisation - post-political condition - adaptation a-political

Answer 94

- Australia committed cuts emissions through ETS - raising issues underdeveloped regions N + indigenous lands - savanna burning - N territory Savanna burning 49% emissions total 2001 - largely indigenous owned land, indigenous fire = creation partnership West Arnhem Land Fire Abatement Project - suspicious if really counts as offsets

Answer 95

"the search for scientific basis for confronting problems of social policy is bound to fail because of the nature of these problems. They are wicked problems, whereas science has developed a deal with tame problems. Policy problems cannot be definitively described, moreover, in a pluralistic society, there is nothing like the indisputable public good. there is no objective definition of equity. Policies that respond to social problems cannot be meaningfully correct or false and it makes no sense to talk about optimal solutions to social problems unless severe qualifications are imposed first. Even worse, there are no solutions in the sense of definitive and objective answers"

Answer 96

Why CC super-wicked problem - temporal dimensions CC - tensions with actors rely GHGs but also trying stop CC - central authority address issue is weak - future irrationality - disregard long-term impacts - act on short-term timescales

Answer 97

Wicked Problem CC - printed if need

Answer 98

Super Wicked Problem CC - printed if need

Answer 99

Wicked Problem CC - printed if need

Answer 100

climate research funding - Printed if need key facts - lack social science CC funding

Answer 101

- Resilience critique (printed)

Answer 102

- Geog critique resilience (printed)

Answer 103

- climate projections show need adapt, less helpful with the how - cascade uncertainty gong from assumptions about future emissions to what means climate real decisions local scale (increasing uncertainty from future society to emissions to model to regional scenario to impact model to local impacts to adaptation responses) - internal climate variability = additional uncertainty for those models which have run multiple realisations of the same forcing pathway - many have not - further future model goes, more uncertainty

Answer 104

AR5 summary for policymakers - want physical perspective, CC revision session

Answer 105

Impacts, Adaptation, Vulnerability - want physical perspective, CC revision session

Answer 106

special report ocean and cryosphere - want physical perspective, CC revision session

Answer 107

- tobacco strategy - fight facts and merchandise doubts - tobacco, ozone, global warming - Cold war USSR fact distortion - acid rain - make reports read so underemphasise problem - Singer (nature no value) - ozones and CFCs - Singer claimed science uncertain/incomplete - ozone ultimately success - second hand smoke - $16mn budget controversy - Seitz and Singer - EPA report ETS heavily attacked Tobacco industry think tanks - defend smoker's rights - smoking as a freedom GW denial: - US 2006 56% public temps risen despite scientific consensus - 60s understood threat - chaney, issue long time frames CC - washington tell you to come back deal problem when CO2 has doubled be too late - 1978 National Climate Research Programme created - Nierenberg chair - rejected report by scientific community - 1988 IPCC and Hansen - 1989 marshall institute shifts defence SDI to attacking climate change and science - cherry-picked - influential white house - reason opposition carbon tax and reduction fossil fuel consumption - Revelle calmed signed a paper when ill - singer co-authored paper - Revelle not able sign off on it - as al gore's mentor used attack Gore's election campaign - Carson's Silent Spring - attacked - pesticide industry - attacks backfire - high sales, sexism called many defence - President's Science Advisory Committee researched DDT - banned - yet 2007 Carson attacked media for killing african children - reality US DDT Malaria programme ended before DDT ban - spraying alone not work - move lives lost DDT continued - balance media bias minority views - victims misinformation campaigns

Answer 108

- difference public vs private MPs on climate change striking - catch - lots people jobs industry responsible huge amounts carbon pollution in one MPs constituency - wants climate action but also needs gov support local industry pollute - contradiction - strong cross party support climate politics but little talk how actually meet targets - dual reality of climate politics - cover-19 changing politics beyond recognition - alters perceptions risk, society, politics - barrier radical change fallen - dual reality even evident 2006 when climate issues had pol foothold - radical climate act pass parliament little big deal - author set up training programme MPs climate knowledge - 2015 research project worked with 23 MPs - most accepted CC science but downplayed consequences - reluctance discuss CC reshape society - climate house of commons terrifying - main reasons politicians struggled issue - not fit easily pol life and own identity and worried public support limited - house commons internal culture - saw everything climate lens but has fit in or else be seen as freak - CC toxic - socially organised denial in commons - hard talk openly - need put pressure on MP to act - pandemic possibility change - climate recovery or return BAU

Answer 109

- need major shifts way live tackle CC - top 10 options reduce carbon footprint: - live car free = 2.04 (average reduction per person year tonnes CO2e) - electric car 1.95 - one less long-haul flight year 1.68 - renewable energy 1.6 - public transport 0.98 - renovation 0.895 - vegan 0.8 - heat pump 0.795 - improved cooking equipment 0.65 - rentable based heating 0.64 - need change mindset - top 10 options implemented = 9 tonnes CO2e per person per year saved - current UK household emissions around 10 tonnes

Answer 110

- tiny algae antarctica turn snow green - climate crisis create new ecosystem - warmer = bloom - rely slushy snow bloom - carbon to make blooms equivalent 875,000 average Uk petrol car journeys - blooms expand range future - first large algae map peninsular - satellite/ground observation - 1,679 blooms cover 1.9sqkm - big potential impact albedo

Answer 111

- Rwanda first strengthens commitment emissions cuts by 2030 - first gov submit climate plan UN - cut emissions 16% min 2030 compared BAU - financial support up to 38% - Rwanda fast growing economy - measures like hydro/solar energy, vehicle emissions standards - econ dev threat CC - reliant rain-fed agriculture rural lives/ tea/coffee exports - hydropower half electricity generation - rainfall volatile - variability increase 5-10% - needs $11bn full plan - 5.7bn carbon cutting, 5.3 adaptation - looming global recession issue - under paris countries due update 2030 emission-reduction plans, publish long-term decarbonisation strategies end year - denmark proposes 2 huge energy islands to meet 2030 climate target - 4GW power north and baltic seas - cut emissions 70% next decade - double offshore wind capacity - more electricity danish demand - artificial island North Sea, linked netherlands, long term 10GW - second danish island bomhom baltic sea, potential link Poland

Answer 112

- climate skepticism, climate denial and post-truth culture - idea post-truth implies once linear relationship scientific evidence and decision-making been eroded - but such idealised relation never existed - climate uncertainty, ethical, pol values - ideals scientific truth twisted denial side - loss scientific trust - uncertainty evidence - feedback loops - doubts scientific consensus from unofficial sources - denialism - credibility not come from scientific work alone - issue credibility and authority complex - uncertainty not great enough for inaction

Answer 113

- Denialism - powerful corporate interests - tabacco, now attack IPCC by oil companies - overwhelming consensus scientific evidence but people reject this, convince public and media consensus not based sound science or denying consensus - convince grounds to reject taking action - scientists need be aware of and challenge denialism - characteristics = conspiracies, inversions (one's own characteristics/motivations attributed to others), fake experts (law firms acting for tobacco), selectivity (draw papers challenge dominant consensus to discredit whole field - autism vaccine link), creation of impossible expectations (absence acute temp records, uncertainty models), misrepresentation and logical fallacies - red herrings, straw men, false analogy, excluded middle fallacy

Answer 114

- N/S divide - annex 1/ non-annex 1 - common but differentiated responsibilities - BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India, China) - developed world blame historic emissions and should act, G77 -strong S-S relations - CVF (Climate Vulnerable Forum) - all need to act fast - maldives, already experiencing neg impacts 20 countries, slow progress, moral leadership, emerging economies moral obligation also act like china, india, industrialised historical responsibility but ALL act - CD (Cartagena Dialogue - developed/developing frank discussions find middle-ground/ understand each others positions) - prevent COP15 breakdown happening again, all take action, bridge N/S divide - problem of general division and lack trust - overcome differences and work together - DA (Durban Alliance) - work together to address urgency CC - LMDC (like-minded developing countries) - developed blame, need act and fund developing - strengthen position developing in UNFCCC - AILAC (Association Independent Latin America and Caribbean States) - N-S bridge building, need action from ALL and work together, problem severity CC and impact developing - statement needs overcome, fast action, developing not hide but also act - CBDR tool action not excuse inaction

Answer 115

- vulnerable, hurricane belt, 6 major storms last 30 years, Hurricane Matthew 2016 1.5mn need humanitarian relief, high pop density, low income, limited infrastructure and services - 163/188 HDI - remittances = 30% GDP = $19.4bn - topography and landslides - rain variability expected more exaggerated - anticipate 0.78-2.16 degree increase 2050, decrease annual precipitation 43mm 2050, increased hurricane intensity 5-10%, 0.13-0.4m sea level rise, increased droughts - agriculture vulnerable - 21.5% GDP, 40% livelihoods dependent - impact children's ability go school - 38% population access electricity - 2011 program create network 100 hydro-meteorological gauges/warning stations reduce flood risk - healthcare system reliant international donors, stressed extreme events, lowest rates access clean drinking water/sanitation West hemisphere - CC undermine econ growth - gender disparity - school closures common extreme events

Answer 116

(non examinable - tutorial never went ahead) | - Tutorial 3 - printed - urban politics of CC