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science 10 > climate change > Flashcards

climate change Flashcards

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1
Q

weather

A

the conditions on any given day

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2
Q

meteorologists usually provide the following information when they describe the weather

6

A
  • temperature
  • type and amount of precipitation
  • wind speed
  • relative humidity
  • atmospheric pressure
  • altitude
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3
Q

climate

A

the average of the weather in a region over a long period of time

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4
Q

methods of collecting weather data

A

weather stations, weather balloons, aircraft and satellites

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5
Q

what define climate zones

3

A

temperature precipitation and plant communities

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6
Q

what define ecoregions

4

A

landforms, soil, plants, and animals

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7
Q

what is a bioclimate profile

A

a series of graphs that show the temperature and moisture conditions at a given location

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8
Q

factors affecting climate (5)

A

distance from the equator
altitude
large bodies of water
land formations
ocean or air currents

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9
Q

climate system

A

the complex set of components that interact with each other to produce Earth’s climate

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10
Q

ultraviolet radiation

A

a form of invisible high energy radiation

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11
Q

infrared radiation

A

a form of invisible lower energy radiation

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12
Q

when radiation contacts a particle of matter three things may happen

A
  1. absorption
  2. transmission
  3. reflection
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13
Q

thermal energy

A

the energy present in the motion of particles at a particular temperature

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14
Q

energy absorbed by earth and the atmosphere

=

A

equals energy radiated back again by earth and the atmosphere

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15
Q

why is it hotter near the equator (2)

A

less atmosphere to go through and a more direct hit

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16
Q

climate system is composed of

4

A

atmosphere hydrosphere lithosphere living things

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17
Q

atmosphere

A

the layers of gases surrounding Earth

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18
Q

two main components of our atmosphere air

A

nitrogen and oxygen

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19
Q

example of halocarbon

A

chlorofluorocarbons

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20
Q

halocarbon

A

molecules made up of carbon atoms linked to fluorine chlorine bromine or iodine

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21
Q

list the spheres in order (atmosphere)

A

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

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22
Q

what is ozone depletion caused by

A

cfcs

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23
Q

ozone is (good in this bad in this)

A

good in the stratosphere and bad in the troposphere

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24
Q

smog

A

toxic chemicals mixed with particles

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25
Q

the hydrosphere includes

A

liquid water, vapour and ice

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26
Q

hydrosphere

A

the part of the climate system that includes all water on and around Earth

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27
Q

name all the “tions” in the water cycle

A

evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration

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28
Q

what does water do that affects heat

A

store thermal energy

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29
Q

about _ of Earths water is frozen

A

2%

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30
Q

ice sheets

A

enormous areas of permanent ice stretching over land in the Antarctic and Greenland

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31
Q

Permafrost

A

ground that remains frozen all year round

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32
Q

lithosphere

A

Earth’s crust

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33
Q

the lithosphere does what

A

absorbs high energy radiation and converts it to infrared lower radiation

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34
Q

land formations affect climate zones with

A

mountains

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35
Q

altitude (sum)

A

at high altitude, pressure is lower so its cooler

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36
Q

two ways carbon is part of living things

A

cellular respiration and photosynthesis

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37
Q

greenhouse effect

A

a natural process whereby gases and clouds absorb infrared radiation emitted from Earth’s surface and radiate it heating the atmosphere and Earth’s surface

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38
Q

greenhouse gases

A

any gas in the atmosphere that absorbs lower energy infrared radiation

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39
Q

carbon sink ex

A

forest

40
Q

carbon sink

A

a reservoir that absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores the carbon in another form

41
Q

feedback loop

A

a process in which the result acts to influence the original process

42
Q

name the most prominent greenhouse gases (5)

A

carbon dioxide, water vapour, methance, ozone, nitrous oxide

43
Q

how are water vapour and temperature related

A

water evaporates more readily when heated, and when it evaporates it holds heat with it

44
Q

water vapour and temperature are a __ loop

A

positive feedback

45
Q

negative feedback loop

A

the effect decreases the original cause

46
Q

why is methane a problem theres so little of it

A

a molecule of methane can absorb way more thermal energy than a molecule of carbon dioxide

47
Q

how do we naturally get methane

A

decomposition and animal digestion

48
Q

how much ozone is there? is it a problem?

A

even though we dont know the exact amounts of ozone, we know its contributing

49
Q

why is nitrous oxide a concern theres so little of it

A

it is 300 times more effective as a greenhouse gas than co2

50
Q

nitrous oxide is produced naturally by

A

reactions of bacteria in soil

51
Q

how do greenhouse gases trap radiation

A

many of the atoms in them move in a way to catch the gases and redistribute them

52
Q

heat sink

A

a reservoir that absorbs and stores thermal energy

53
Q

why do large bodies of water (oceans) affect the climate

(air above them)

A

when the air is warmer than the ocean, the ocean absorbs energy from the air and vice versa

54
Q

convection current

A

a circular current in air and other fluids caused by the rising of warm fluid as cold fluid sinks

55
Q

a convection current is a

A

positive feedback loop

56
Q

describe the convection loop

A

warm air cools and sinks to cold air which displaces the warm air which makes it rise and then cool

57
Q

where do convection currents go

A

near the poles

58
Q

why are convection currents important

A

they move thermal energy around the atmosphere

59
Q

since earth has permanent bands of pressures,

A

we have prevailing winds

60
Q

prevailing winds do what

A

move warm air from the equator to the poles and push warm ocean water to the poles

61
Q

thermohaline circulation

A

the continuous flow of water around the world’s oceans driven by differences in water temperatures and salinity

62
Q

what stops water from just freezing when it gets high enough

A

theres too much salt to fully freeze so the water just sinks leaving space for more water to flow

63
Q

where do unknown types of rock in weird places come from?

A

glaciers from the ice age

64
Q

ice age

A

a time in Earth’s history when Earth was colder and much of the planet was covered in ice

65
Q

plate tectonics

A

the theory explaining the slow movement of the large plates of Earth’s crust

66
Q

continental drift

A

the theory that Earth’s continents used to be one supercontinent called Pangea

67
Q

how does continental drift affect the climate

A

continents moving makes ocean and wind patterns change, as well as decreasing the amount of water in some places versus others.

68
Q

interglacial period

A

a time between ice ages when Earth warms up

69
Q

why do ice ages keep happening/happen

A

the Earth’s tilt

70
Q

short term changes in climate can be caused by

A

volcanic eruptions, small changes in the sun, and currents

71
Q

list 3 reasons why the ocean is important to earth’s climate system

A
  1. ocean currents move thermal energy around
  2. the ocean acts as a heat sink, storing thermal energy
  3. oceans can decide the temperature of the land around them
72
Q

small changes in the climate can be enhanced by

A

feedback loops

73
Q

name the water vapour feedback loop in lower altitudes

A

warmer temperatures - more (low) clouds - even warmer temperatures

74
Q

name the water vapour feedback loop in higher altitudes

A

warmer temperatures - more (high) clouds - cooler temperatures

75
Q

both of the feedback loops for water vapour are

A

positive

76
Q

albedo

A

a measure of how much of the Sun’s radiation is reflected by a surface

77
Q

name the albedo effect (warming)

A

ice melts - less radiation reflected away - temp inc

78
Q

name the albedo effect (cooling)

A

more ice forms - lots of radiation reflected away - dec in temp

79
Q

proxy record

A

stores of information in tree rings ice cores and fossils that can be measured to give clues to what the climate was like in the past

80
Q

name 4 proxy records

A

tree rings ice cores and coral and rock

81
Q

name the parts of evidence of a changing climate

7

A

rising sea level
rising temperatures
melting ice
severe weather
precipitation
seasons
ecosystems

82
Q

name anthropogenic greenhouse gases (4)

A

carbon dioxide
methane
nitrous oxide
cfcs

83
Q

how do we make co2

A

fossil fuels

84
Q

how do we make methane

A

farming

85
Q

how do we make nitrous oxide

A

livestock waste

86
Q

how do we make cfcs

A

refrigeration agents

87
Q

carbon dioxide and temperature feedback loop

A

global tempaerature inc - more carbon dioxide releases from sinks - more thermal energy trapped by carbon dioxide

88
Q

name 3 sources of greenhouse gas emissions from canada

A

transportation, agriculture, forestry

89
Q

main component of natural gas is

A

methane

90
Q

the 4 main things the climate system is BUILT ON

A

carbon and water cycles
greenhouse gases
albedo
ocean currents

91
Q

climate projection

A

a scientific forecast of future climate based on observations and computer models

92
Q

6 common types of clean energy

A

wind
geothermal
solar
hydro
biofuels
nuclear

93
Q

kyoto protocol

A

a plan within the UN for controlling greenhouse gas emissions

94
Q

why is loss of biodiversity a big deal

A

changes in one population will affect the whole food web, killing a whole system

95
Q

4 expected changes from climate change

A

rising sea level
impacts on agriculture
impacts on ecosystems
impacts on human plant and animal health

science 10 (8 decks)

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