Climate and Ecology

Question 1

what are the 4 main reasons why species become endangered?

Answer 1

1. Anthropogenic (human caused) climate change
   
   2. Loss of habitat (Habitat destruction (e.g. deforestation) etc.)
   3. Poaching (e.g. shark fin, rhino horn) and hunting
      Pollution

Question 2

referencing internet sites

Answer 2

Author (surname, first initial); date of publication; title (italics) available (website address); accessed (dd/mm/yy)

Question 3

in text citation of an image

Answer 3

The great photographer (Jarvis, 2015)…

Question 4

reference

Answer 4

A reference is a list that contains the full bibliographic details of only those sources you actually referred to in your assignment ie. You gave an intext citation

Question 5

in-text reference

Answer 5

• According to Bastian (2013) more than 1000 initial education graduates are not working full-time (p. 30-31)
  OR
  More than 1000 initial education graduates are not working full time (Bastian, 2013, p. 30-31)

Question 6

why do we reference?

Answer 6

• To acknowledge the author or creator of the work
  
  • To avoid plagiarism
  • To enable others to locate the sources you have cited in your work
    To give credibility to your own work

Question 7

what is the classification hierarchy

Answer 7

K- kingdom
P- phylum
C- class
O- order
F- family
G- genus
S- species

Question 8

what are the 3 key domains of living things?

Answer 8

1. Eukaryota
   
   2. Bacteria
      
      3. Archaea

Question 9

what is an adaptation?

Answer 9

an adaptation is a feature of an organism that enables it to survive in its natural habitat

Question 10

what is a structural adaptation

Answer 10

relates to the anatomy of the organism

Question 11

what is a behavioural adaptation?

Answer 11

relates to the actions performed by the organism (innate or learned)

Question 12

what is a physiological adaptation

Answer 12

relates to the internal functioning of the organism and any chemical reactions

Question 13

what are the FOUR main steps in the process of natural selection?

Answer 13

1. Variation: There needs to be variation in the population for natural selection to happen
   
   2. Selection Pressure: Nature selects who survives; one form is more likely to survive (and therefore more likely to reproduce) than other forms.
   3. Constant selection pressure: The selection pressure must be around for a long time (many generations) (e.g. predators)
      Genetic variation: a change in genetic variation is established

Question 14

competition (in the context of interactions between biotic factors)

Answer 14

The struggle between organisms to survive as they live on the same resource

Question 15

predation (in the context of interactions between biotic factors)

Answer 15

an interaction when an organism kills another for food

Question 16

mutualism (in the context of interactions between biotic factors)

Answer 16

both species are helped

Question 17

parasitism (in the context of interactions between biotic factors)

Answer 17

when an organism lives inside or on another organism and causes harm

Question 18

Commensalism (in the context of interactions between biotic factors)

Answer 18

the creature is neither harmed or helped

Question 19

What is an ecosystem?

Answer 19

ECOSYSTEM is a system of organisms interacting with each other and with their non-living surroundings

Question 20

an ecosystem is made up of 2 components

Answer 20

abiotic and biotic

Question 21

abiotic is..?

Answer 21

• Sunlight
  
  • Temperature
  • Precipitation
  • Water or moisture
    Soil
    (non-living)

Question 22

biotic ecosystem

Answer 22

• Primary producers
  
  • Herbivores
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores
  • Detritivores
    (living)

Question 23

producers

Answer 23

organisms that carry out photosynthesis. Also called autotrophs. (auto means self, trophs mean energy in a way)

Question 24

consumers

Answer 24

organisms that ingest (eat) other organisms. Also called heterotrophs (hetero (different types) trophs means energy in a way)

Question 25

decomposers

Answer 25

break down the dead bodies of plants and animals, they break them down into simple molecules that can then be recycled into the environment (fungi & bacteria are the 2 decomposers) (they release enzymes to break down the dead bodies)

Question 26

herbivores

Answer 26

plant-eaters. Also called first-order or primary consumers

Question 27

carnivores

Answer 27

eat other animals. Can be secondary, tertiary (3) or quaternary consumers (4). (2nd, 3rd, 4th order consumers)

Question 28

omnivores

Answer 28

consume both plants and animals

Question 29

detritivores

Answer 29

consume dead materials such as leaves, other plant parts, animal remains. They consume small little bits (is it chopping)

Question 30

a food web consists of..?

Answer 30

many inter-connected food chains

Question 31

a food chain typically consists of?

Answer 31

3-5 trophic levels (energy levels)

Question 32

as the trophic levels go up…

Answer 32

the number of animals go down

Question 33

habitat

Answer 33

the place where an organism lives

Question 34

geographic range

Answer 34

the area across which a population or species of organisms live