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Science 2023 > Body systems > Flashcards

Body systems Flashcards

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1
Q

catalysts

A

substances that speed up chemical reactions

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2
Q

enzymes

A

enzymes are biological catalysts, they are proteins in our body that increase the rate of metabolic reaction, they speed up a process or allow a process to start. Enzymes are made up of amino acids

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3
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions in your cells, it also depends on the food we eat

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4
Q

catobolism

A

Simple molecules broken down to supply energy for bodily functions (breaking down)

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5
Q

anabolism

A

Simple molecules used as building blocks for complex molecules (building up; synthesising)

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6
Q

diffusion

A

diffusion is the NET movement of particles from the region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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7
Q

denaturing

A

is the process of taking the enzyme out of its natural environment which causes the enzymes to unravel and die

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8
Q

reflex

A

is a quick, involuntary (automatic) action to protect the body from danger

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9
Q

stimulus

A

any factor that stimulates a receptor and brings about a response

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10
Q

hormones

A

a chemical substance that acts on specific cells in another part of the body from where it’s made (called target cells) to alter their function

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11
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process of producing energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen

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12
Q

homeostasis

A

is the ability of the body to MAINTAIN stable INTERNAL conditions in the face of changing EXTERNAL conditions

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13
Q

thermoregulation

A

how we maintain a stable body temperature

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14
Q

ectotherm

A

body temperature based on external conditions

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15
Q

endotherm

A

stays the same regardless of external conditions

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16
Q

positive feedback

A

response increases stimulus

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17
Q

negative feedback

A

response decreases stimulus

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18
Q

levels of organization:

A

chemical level -> cellular level -> tissue level -> organ level -> system level

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19
Q

Macronutrients

A

needed in larger amounts

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20
Q

micronutrients

A

needed in smaller amounts

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21
Q

when we eat, we consume..

A

biomolecules of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids/fats

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22
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

nucleotide (individual parts of our DNA)

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23
Q

carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

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24
Q

lipid/fats

A

glycerol, fatty acids

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25
Q

protein

A

amino acids

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26
Q

once food is broken down into the monomers (or smaller molecules)…

A

nutrients can be diffused into the blood stream via the small intestine

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27
Q

small intestine

A

absorbs the useful nutrients into the bloodstream

28
Q

villa

A

increases the surface area, making the process of getting the nutrients from the small intestine to the blood stream much faster

29
Q

we bring oxygen into our system via?

A

-nose and mouth
-Trachea; windpipe
-Bronchi: branch off trachea to each lung
-Bronchioles: branch off bronchi to alveoli
-Alveoli: air sacs where gas exchange occurs

30
Q

Alveoli

A

-one cell thick walls so oxygen can diffuse easily
-surrounded by capillaries
-moist surface
-blooding coming into the alveoli is high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen
-oxygen is diffused into the blood steam
-carbon dioxide sticks to the moist surface which then diffuses into the alveoli which is then exhaled

31
Q

deoxygenated blood is transported from

A

the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and back to the heart VIA the pulmonary circulation

32
Q

oxygenated blood is transported

A

from the heart to the body where it is used and BACK to the heart via systemic circulation

33
Q

blood is made from four components

A

-plasma 55%
-platelets (help clot the blood)
-white blood cells 1%
-red blood cells 44%

34
Q

red blood cells contain a protein called?

A

haemoglobin (haemoglobin carries oxygen molecules)

35
Q
A
36
Q

oxygenated blood is

A

“red”

37
Q

deoxygenated blood is

A

“blue”

38
Q

Arteries carry?

A

OXYGENATED blood around the body

39
Q

Veins carry?

A

deoxygenated blood to the heart to be oxygenated

40
Q

Pulmonary arteries..

A

pump blood from the heart to the lungs

41
Q

Pulmonary veins..

A

pump blood from the lungs to the heart

42
Q

we have two major systems…

A

-The central nervous system (CNS)
-Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

43
Q

spine bones are used to..?

A

protect the spinal cord

44
Q

the nervous system is made of..?

A

neurons

45
Q

Myelin sheath

A

-insulating fatty layer that speeds transmission
-protects the axon
-if damaged makes the process of transmission slower
-if the axon is damaged, it could cause paralysis, numbness

46
Q

sensory neuron is found where and does what?

A

it is found in the PNS and it carries information from receptors to the CNS

47
Q

Motor neuron is found where and does what?

A

it is found in the PNS and it carries information from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) so they can respond

48
Q

interneuron is found where and does what?

A

it is found in the CNS and it carries information between neutrons of all types

49
Q

the simple way to represent actions in the nervous system is called the..

A

stimulus model

50
Q

mechanoreceptor function, stimuli and location?

A

function: movement
stimuli: sound waves, pressure changes, touch/stretch
locations: ear, skin, arteries

51
Q

Chemoreceptors function, stimuli and location

A

function: chemical
Stimuli: molecules/solutes, blood
Location: tongue, nose, tissues

52
Q

Thermoreceptor function, stimuli, location

A

function: temperature
stimuli: heat/cold
location: skin, hypothalamus

53
Q

photoreceptor function, stimuli, location

A

function: light
stimuli: visible light
location: eyes (retina)

54
Q

conscious action path

A

stimulus -> receptor -> BRAIN -> effector -> response

55
Q

reflex action path

A

stimulus -> receptor -> SPINAL CORD -> effector -> response

56
Q

cellular respiration path

A

glucose -> oxygen -> carbon dioxide -> water -> energy

57
Q

gland

A

a group of cells or discrete structure in the body that produces and releases a specific hormone

58
Q

hormones

A

a chemical substance that acts on specific cells in another part of the body from where it’s made (called target cells) to alter their function

59
Q

pituitary glands

A

-coordinate the endocrine system
-called the “master gland”
-responds to information from the HYPOTHALAMUS

60
Q

roles of the hypothalamus

A

-constantly checks the internal conditions and responds
-links the nervous and endocrine system
-secretes hormones in the pituitary gland

61
Q

If the body is hot:

A

blood vessels dilate (skin turns red), sweat forms to bring the body temperature back
down

62
Q

if the body is cold:

A

goosebumps, shiver (movement, heat up easier)

63
Q

animals can be divided into 2 broad categories, which are?

A

endotherm and ectotherm

64
Q

feedback occurs when?

A

a response changes the original stimulus

65
Q

the right side of the heart pumps blood to..?

A

the lungs

66
Q

the left side of the heart pumps blood to..?

A

the rest of the body

Science 2023 (7 decks)

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