CLD - writing Flashcards
what is goodman’s 1986 theory?
children’s writing follows 3 principles:
1. functional - writing serves a purpose
2. linguistic - writing develops into an organised system of letters and words
3. relational - children connect spoken language with written language
what is emergent writing and what are some key features of it?
children’s first attempts at writing.
features include: mechanical skills need to be developed, generally an awareness that letters and split up into words, scribbles resemble some letters
what is Kroll’s 1981 theory?
4 stages of writing development:
preparation, consolidation, differentiation and integration
what is Kroll’s ‘preperation’?
basic motor skills are acquired alongside some principles of spelling
what is Kroll’s ‘consolidation’?
writing is similar to spoken language and often includes a casual, colloquial register, unfinished sentences and overuse of the conjunction ‘and’ to join clauses together
what is Kroll’s ‘differentiation’?
awareness of writing as different to speech. understanding of writing for different audiences and purposes behind to develop and becomes more automatic.
what is Kroll’s ‘integration’?
children begin to develop their own voice. writing becomes more controlled and appropriate linguistic choices become more consistent.
what is Rothary’s theory?
Evaluating children’s writing:
1. observation/comment
2. recount
3. report
4. narrative
what is Rothary’s ‘observation/comment’?
the writer makes an observation and follows it up with an evaluative comment
e.g comment = i saw a tiger evaluation = it was big
what is Rothary’s ‘recount’?
a chronological sequence of events that is written subjectively, using a first person perspective.
what is Rothary’s ‘report’?
a factual description of events or things that is written objectively. it tends not to be chronological.
what is Rothary’s ‘narrative’?
a narrative contains an event that ends with a resolution. narratives often follow the pattern: orientation, complication, resolution, coda.
children don’t often achieve the whole structure early on as it is so complex
what is the creative model?
children are allowed to experiment creatively without strict correction. the child is less likely to be frightened of making mistakes because the focus is not on accuracy.
what is the rule based model?
when a child understands the convention of writing, such as spelling, punctuation or grammar rules, progress will be more rapid.
what is deconstruction?
teacher introduced type of writing and generic features. emphasis is on the teacher.
what is joint construction?
collectively student and teacher produce writing. (scaffolding/MKO)
what is independent construction?
student produce their own work independently. they don’t require support.
what is Britton’s theory?
3 modes of children’s writing;
expressive, poetic and transactional
what is Britton’s ‘expressive’ writing?
resembles speech. contains first person perspective and the content is usually based on personal preferences
what is Britton’s ‘poetic’ writing?
develops gradually.
encourages creativity.
phonological features such as rhyme, rhythm and alliteration are common.
what is Britton’s ‘transactional’ writing?
develops last.
style of academic essays.
third person is used.
formal sentence structures
what is Gentry’s theory?
Spelling Stages:
pre-communicative
semi-phonetic
phonetic
transitional
conventional
what is Gentry’s ‘pre-communicative’?
random letters and symbols appear on the page with no letter to sound connection
what is Gentry’s ‘semi-phonetic’?
letters might be used to represent whole words
letter to sound connection
what is Gentry’s ‘phonetic’?
spelling will be based on the sound of words
what is Gentry’s ‘transitional’?
spelling combines phonetic and visual approaches
silent letters might start to be acknowledged
what is Gentry’s ‘conventional’?
difficult spellings have been learnt and homophones are known
types of spelling errors:
phonetic - reflect pronunciation
undergeneralisation - spelling rules not followed
omission - letters missed out
overgeneralisation - spelling rules applies when not correct to do so
insertion - addition of extra letters
transposition - pair of letters switched
