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English Language > CLD - spoken > Flashcards

CLD - spoken Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 5 stages of CLD and when do they occur?

A
  1. Pre-verbal (0-12months)
  2. Holophrastic (12-18months)
  3. Two-word (18months)
  4. Telegraphic (2-3yrs)
  5. Post-telegraphic (3+yrs)
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2
Q

what are 4 features of pre-verbal?

A

vegetative
cooing
babbling
protoword

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3
Q

in the holophrastic stage, one word represents…

A

a whole sentence

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4
Q

what are the 6 features of speech in the holophrastic stage?

A

deletion
substitution
addition
reduplication
consonant cluster reduction
deletion of unstressed syllables

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5
Q

what is deletion?

A

babies miss out consonants at the end of words

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6
Q

what is substitution?

A

babies substitute one sound for another

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7
Q

what is addition?

A

babies often add an extra vowel to the end of a word

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8
Q

what is reduplication?

A

babies repeat a whole syllable

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9
Q

what is consonant cluster reduction?

A

babies miss out a consonant when they occur in groups

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10
Q

what is deletion of unstressed syllables?

A

e.g ‘banana’ becomes ‘nana’

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11
Q

what is over-extension?

A

children use a word to apply to a much bigger group of things than an adult would

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12
Q

what is under-extension?

A

a child learns the word ‘car’ but believes that it only refers to their family’s car

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13
Q

what are the 5 types of relationship between words in the two-word phase?

A

conjunction
description
locating
possession
agent/object

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14
Q

what is conjunction?

A

joining two things together
e.g cup glass = a cup and a glass

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15
Q

what is description?

A

one word describes another
e.g yellow teddy = the yellow teddy

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16
Q

what is locating?

A

showing where something is
e.g coat chair = the coat is on the chair

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17
Q

what is possession?

A

one thing belongs to another
e.g daddy hat = daddy’s hat

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18
Q

what is agent/object?

A

one thing is acting on another
e.g mummy book = mummy is reading a book

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19
Q

what happens in the telegraphic stage?

A

children tend to miss out several words than an adult would include, such as auxiliary verbs, prepositions and determiners

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20
Q

what are key developments in the telegraphic stage?

A

asking questions, negative sentences, tenses and using determiners

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21
Q

what happens in the post telegraphic stage?

A

children understand morphemes and perform virtuous errors

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22
Q

what is a free morpheme?

A

can stand alone as an independent word

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23
Q

what is a bound morpheme?

A

must be attached to a free morpheme and add meaning to it

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24
Q

what are virtuous errors?

A

children making linguistic errors based on previous knowledge
e.g saying runned instead of ran

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25
Q

what theory does Skinner support?

A

behaviourism - all behaviour is a result of the conditioning we have experienced rather than any freedom of choice.

26
Q

what is operant conditioning?
(SKINNER)

A

behaviour that is spontaneous but the consequence of which will affect future behaviour.

27
Q

what is positive and negative reinforcement?
(SKINNER)

A

positive reinforcement = praise for using language correctly; children will be more likely to speak like this again.
negative reinforcement = lack of praise or correction when a child has given a less favourable response; children will be less likely to use this utterance again.

28
Q

what are some evaluative points on Skinner’s theory?

A
  • tested on rats and pigeons, reliable?
  • children more likely to be corrected on truth rather than linguistic accuracy
  • Nelson 1973, evidence to suggest children don’t respond to imitation as they do not suddenly produce grammatically complete Standard English
29
Q

what’s the name of Skinner’s book?

A

Verbal Behaviour - 1957

30
Q

what is Nelson’s 1973 theory?

A

‘classes of objects’ formed the most popular category of word spoken by children.
it is easier for children to identify things they can actually touch.

31
Q

what theory did Chomsky propose?

A

nativism - language development is an innate process

32
Q

what is Chomsky best known for introducing?

A

the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

33
Q

what is the LAD?
(CHOMSKY)

A

the idea that the human brain has a naturally programmed ability to learn language.

34
Q

what is a justification for the LAD?
(CHOMSKY)

A

virtuous errors - when a child makes an error because they are attempting to use the rules that they recognise from the language around them

35
Q

what is universal grammar?
(CHOMSKY)

A

the global capacity for children to learn languages at similar rates in similar ways.

36
Q

what are some evaluative points for Chomsky’s theory?

A
  • Aristotle ‘tabula rasa’ or ‘blank state’
  • evidence suggests that children who lack exposure to language and interaction will never really catch up with their language acquisition
  • Genie Wiley
37
Q

who is Genie Wiley?

A

Genie was a child who was left in a room on her own for the first 13 years of her life. Had no speech ability due to lack of interaction and language exposure.

38
Q

what theory did Piaget propose?

A

cognitive development - the core of a child’s development of understanding is the learning they undertake.

39
Q

what are Piaget’s stages of development?

A

sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete observational
formal operational

40
Q

sensorimotor:
(PIAGET)

A

Sensorimotor (0-2) - child interacts with environment, egocentric, object permanence

41
Q

pre-operational:
(PIAGET)

A

Pre-operational (2-6/7) - child learns to speak, represents world symbolically, egocentric, question things

42
Q

concrete observational:
(PIAGET)

A

Concrete observational (6/7-11/12) - stops being egocentric, capable of logical thoughts about concrete events

43
Q

formal operational:
(PIAGET)

A

Formal operational (6/7-11/12) - thinking becomes increasingly abstract, can think hypothetically

44
Q

what did Piaget primarily believe in?

A

conceptual understanding must be present before language can reflect this.

45
Q

what theory did Bruner support?

A

social interactionism - importance of a child’s interaction with caregivers is the key to language development

46
Q

how did Bruner dispute Chomsky?

A

Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) - refers to the caregivers and other important participants in a child’s life.
places emphasis on the social situations a child takes part in..

47
Q

what is scaffolding?
(BRUNER)

A

occurs when significant adults provide ‘meaningful input’ by questioning, encouraging and supporting the child to gradually develop their speech.

48
Q

what theory did Vygotsky support?

A

scaffolding - the importance of ‘doing’ for a child to be able to develop.

49
Q

what does Vygotsky believe the caregiver acts as?

A

a ‘more knowledgeable other’

50
Q

where does the ‘more knowledgeable other’ direct the child to?

A

the ‘zone of proximal development’, the area just beyond what a child is currently capable of

51
Q

what theory does Tomasello support?

A

cognitive approach

52
Q

what model of language acquisition does Tomasello outline?

A

usage-based model - the ability to learn language is both primarily social and relies on the same kinds of cognitive processes as other forms of learning.

53
Q

how does Tomasello directly dispute Chomsky?

A

he promotes a ‘bottom-up’ approach with the child actively building and then using templates for grammatical structures based on sensory input and interaction with caregivers.

54
Q

what is CDS?

A

child directed speech = the specific way in which caregivers talk to children

55
Q

what are key features of CDS?

A

simpler grammar
frequent questions
diminutives
melodic “singsong” pitch
repetition
longer pauses
expansion

56
Q

what are Halliday’s functions of speech and what do they mean?

A

Regulatory - influence behaviour of others
Instrumental - fulfill a need
Interactional - develop and maintain social relationships
Personal - convey individual opinions, ideas and personal identity
Representational - convey facts and information
Imaginative - create an imaginary world
Heuristic - learn about their environment

57
Q

what are Dore’s functions and what do they mean?

A

Labelling - naming a person/object
Repeating - repetition of an adult word
Answering - responding to an utterance
Requesting action - asking for something to be done for them
Calling - getting attention by shouting
Greeting - greeting someone/something
Protesting - objecting to requests from others
Practising - using language when no adult is present

58
Q

what are pivots?

A

props that children use to play with - Vygotsky

59
Q

what does Vygotsky say about play?

A

young children use pivots to support their play.
children role-play adult behaviours as part of exploring their environment.

60
Q

what is Garvey’s theory?

A

study into pairs of children at play.
children adopt roles and identities.
‘pretend play’.
allows children to practice social interaction and negotiation skills.

61
Q

what is ‘socio-dramatic’ play?

A

involves both social and dramatic skills, with explicit rules and reflecting real-world behaviour.
usually begins at 4 years old.
imitating adult behaviour.

English Language (10 decks)

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