CLD - spoken Flashcards
what are the 5 stages of CLD and when do they occur?
- Pre-verbal (0-12months)
- Holophrastic (12-18months)
- Two-word (18months)
- Telegraphic (2-3yrs)
- Post-telegraphic (3+yrs)
what are 4 features of pre-verbal?
vegetative
cooing
babbling
protoword
in the holophrastic stage, one word represents…
a whole sentence
what are the 6 features of speech in the holophrastic stage?
deletion
substitution
addition
reduplication
consonant cluster reduction
deletion of unstressed syllables
what is deletion?
babies miss out consonants at the end of words
what is substitution?
babies substitute one sound for another
what is addition?
babies often add an extra vowel to the end of a word
what is reduplication?
babies repeat a whole syllable
what is consonant cluster reduction?
babies miss out a consonant when they occur in groups
what is deletion of unstressed syllables?
e.g ‘banana’ becomes ‘nana’
what is over-extension?
children use a word to apply to a much bigger group of things than an adult would
what is under-extension?
a child learns the word ‘car’ but believes that it only refers to their family’s car
what are the 5 types of relationship between words in the two-word phase?
conjunction
description
locating
possession
agent/object
what is conjunction?
joining two things together
e.g cup glass = a cup and a glass
what is description?
one word describes another
e.g yellow teddy = the yellow teddy
what is locating?
showing where something is
e.g coat chair = the coat is on the chair
what is possession?
one thing belongs to another
e.g daddy hat = daddy’s hat
what is agent/object?
one thing is acting on another
e.g mummy book = mummy is reading a book
what happens in the telegraphic stage?
children tend to miss out several words than an adult would include, such as auxiliary verbs, prepositions and determiners
what are key developments in the telegraphic stage?
asking questions, negative sentences, tenses and using determiners
what happens in the post telegraphic stage?
children understand morphemes and perform virtuous errors
what is a free morpheme?
can stand alone as an independent word
what is a bound morpheme?
must be attached to a free morpheme and add meaning to it
what are virtuous errors?
children making linguistic errors based on previous knowledge
e.g saying runned instead of ran
what theory does Skinner support?
behaviourism - all behaviour is a result of the conditioning we have experienced rather than any freedom of choice.
what is operant conditioning?
(SKINNER)
behaviour that is spontaneous but the consequence of which will affect future behaviour.
what is positive and negative reinforcement?
(SKINNER)
positive reinforcement = praise for using language correctly; children will be more likely to speak like this again.
negative reinforcement = lack of praise or correction when a child has given a less favourable response; children will be less likely to use this utterance again.
what are some evaluative points on Skinner’s theory?
- tested on rats and pigeons, reliable?
- children more likely to be corrected on truth rather than linguistic accuracy
- Nelson 1973, evidence to suggest children don’t respond to imitation as they do not suddenly produce grammatically complete Standard English
what’s the name of Skinner’s book?
Verbal Behaviour - 1957
what is Nelson’s 1973 theory?
‘classes of objects’ formed the most popular category of word spoken by children.
it is easier for children to identify things they can actually touch.
what theory did Chomsky propose?
nativism - language development is an innate process
what is Chomsky best known for introducing?
the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
what is the LAD?
(CHOMSKY)
the idea that the human brain has a naturally programmed ability to learn language.
what is a justification for the LAD?
(CHOMSKY)
virtuous errors - when a child makes an error because they are attempting to use the rules that they recognise from the language around them
what is universal grammar?
(CHOMSKY)
the global capacity for children to learn languages at similar rates in similar ways.
what are some evaluative points for Chomsky’s theory?
- Aristotle ‘tabula rasa’ or ‘blank state’
- evidence suggests that children who lack exposure to language and interaction will never really catch up with their language acquisition
- Genie Wiley
who is Genie Wiley?
Genie was a child who was left in a room on her own for the first 13 years of her life. Had no speech ability due to lack of interaction and language exposure.
what theory did Piaget propose?
cognitive development - the core of a child’s development of understanding is the learning they undertake.
what are Piaget’s stages of development?
sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete observational
formal operational
sensorimotor:
(PIAGET)
Sensorimotor (0-2) - child interacts with environment, egocentric, object permanence
pre-operational:
(PIAGET)
Pre-operational (2-6/7) - child learns to speak, represents world symbolically, egocentric, question things
concrete observational:
(PIAGET)
Concrete observational (6/7-11/12) - stops being egocentric, capable of logical thoughts about concrete events
formal operational:
(PIAGET)
Formal operational (6/7-11/12) - thinking becomes increasingly abstract, can think hypothetically
what did Piaget primarily believe in?
conceptual understanding must be present before language can reflect this.
what theory did Bruner support?
social interactionism - importance of a child’s interaction with caregivers is the key to language development
how did Bruner dispute Chomsky?
Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) - refers to the caregivers and other important participants in a child’s life.
places emphasis on the social situations a child takes part in..
what is scaffolding?
(BRUNER)
occurs when significant adults provide ‘meaningful input’ by questioning, encouraging and supporting the child to gradually develop their speech.
what theory did Vygotsky support?
scaffolding - the importance of ‘doing’ for a child to be able to develop.
what does Vygotsky believe the caregiver acts as?
a ‘more knowledgeable other’
where does the ‘more knowledgeable other’ direct the child to?
the ‘zone of proximal development’, the area just beyond what a child is currently capable of
what theory does Tomasello support?
cognitive approach
what model of language acquisition does Tomasello outline?
usage-based model - the ability to learn language is both primarily social and relies on the same kinds of cognitive processes as other forms of learning.
how does Tomasello directly dispute Chomsky?
he promotes a ‘bottom-up’ approach with the child actively building and then using templates for grammatical structures based on sensory input and interaction with caregivers.
what is CDS?
child directed speech = the specific way in which caregivers talk to children
what are key features of CDS?
simpler grammar
frequent questions
diminutives
melodic “singsong” pitch
repetition
longer pauses
expansion
what are Halliday’s functions of speech and what do they mean?
Regulatory - influence behaviour of others
Instrumental - fulfill a need
Interactional - develop and maintain social relationships
Personal - convey individual opinions, ideas and personal identity
Representational - convey facts and information
Imaginative - create an imaginary world
Heuristic - learn about their environment
what are Dore’s functions and what do they mean?
Labelling - naming a person/object
Repeating - repetition of an adult word
Answering - responding to an utterance
Requesting action - asking for something to be done for them
Calling - getting attention by shouting
Greeting - greeting someone/something
Protesting - objecting to requests from others
Practising - using language when no adult is present
what are pivots?
props that children use to play with - Vygotsky
what does Vygotsky say about play?
young children use pivots to support their play.
children role-play adult behaviours as part of exploring their environment.
what is Garvey’s theory?
study into pairs of children at play.
children adopt roles and identities.
‘pretend play’.
allows children to practice social interaction and negotiation skills.
what is ‘socio-dramatic’ play?
involves both social and dramatic skills, with explicit rules and reflecting real-world behaviour.
usually begins at 4 years old.
imitating adult behaviour.
