CLD reading/writing Flashcards
Who laid out 4 stages of learning to write and when?
Barry Kroll in 1981
What are the names and supposed ages of Kroll’s 4 stages?
- Preparatory (up to 6)
- Consolidation (7-8)
- Differentiation (9-10)
- Integration (mid-teens)
Summarise Kroll’s Preparatory stage
Children are developing their fine motor skills, learning to hold a pen/pencil and are getting to grips with basic spelling principles
Summarise Kroll’s Consolidation Stage
Children will write as they think. They will mostly use short declarative sentences that feature the conjunction ‘and’ or ‘but’. The sentences will often be incomplete
Summarise Kroll’s Differentiation stage
Still many errors. A writing guide might be provided and writing may still reflect the child’s thoughts and feelings. The child is beginning to differentiate between speech and writing. Different styles of writing are understood
Summarise Kroll’s Integration stage
Children will be able to alter their style of writing based on audience and purpose. They will develop their own personal style
Who added the ages to Kroll’s stages and what was their point surrounding this?
Katherine Perera- her point was that all children progress at different rates but it is expected that they will tend to fall into the different stages at roughly the same ages
What was Katherine Perera’s other idea?
She suggested another framework for classifying texts: chronology. A chronological piece of writing is easier as it involves action words and linking ideas with connectives. Non-chronological writing is more difficult because it involves logical connections between ideas
What was Rothery’s approach to looking at texts?
She took a genre-based approach. She published an influential model for literacy that can be considered a more functional approach; looking at what purpose of writing is. She created four categories to describe these purposes
What is the ‘observation/comment’ category in light of Rothery’s model?
The simplest type of writing. A child observes something and then comments on it e.g. I saw a monkey. It was cheeky.
What is the ‘recount’ category in light of Rothery’s model?
A subjective, chronological account of an event. It takes the structure of orientation, event and reorientation. At the end of the writing, the orientation draws a conclusion (e.g. a summary of what the child thinks about the day they just described)
What is the ‘report’ category in light of Rothery’s model?
An objective and factual description of an event or thing. Differs from a recount as it does not have to be chronological.
What is the ‘narrative’ category in light of Rothery’s model?
Perhaps the hardest to accomplish. Involves orientation, complication, resolution and coda
Why are the ‘narrative’ and ‘report’ categories in Rothery’s model the hardest to achieve?
Because children tend to be egocentric and these two categories involve taking an objective stance on something. The others require the child to pull on their own experiences.
What was Clay’s focus on?
Emergent writing and how even scribbles can hold some significance
