Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology - Schizophrenia > Classifying Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Classifying Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

What is Schizophrenia?

A

a serious mental psychotic disorder characterised by a profound disruption of cognition and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What percentage of the population has schizophrenia?

A

0.01

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What age is the onset of schizophrenia?

A

15 and 45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is schizophrenia more commonly diagnosed?

A

Men, Cities, Working class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does a psychotic disorder refer to?

A

Serious mental issues causing abnormal thinking, perceptions and losing touch with reality or sense of self.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two classification systems of schizophrenia?

A

DSM-5 and ICD-11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders from the APA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

APA

A

American Psychological Association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ICD-11

A

International Classification of Diseases, from WHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

WHO

A

World Health Organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is the DSM used?

A

America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the ICD used?

A

Europe and other parts of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is schizophrenia diagnosed in the DSM?

A

At least two or more positive symptoms (or one of each) for a month and social withdrawal for six months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is schizophrenia diagnosed in the ICD?

A

At least two negative symptoms (or one of each) for a month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the possible subtypes of schizophrenia?

A

Catatonic/Paranoid Schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Crow (1980) make a distinction between?

A

Two subtypes of schizophrenia; type one and two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

type one schizophrenia, Crow (1980)

A

characterised by positive symptoms more and better prospects for recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

type two schizophrenia, Crow (1980)

A

characterised by negative symptoms more and poorer prospects for recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are symptoms of schizophrenia divided into?

A

positive and negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia like?

A

Those that appear to reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the types of positive symptoms in schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations, Delusions, Disorganised speech, Grossly disorganised/catatonic behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the types of hallucinations that can occur with schizophrenia?

A

Auditory, Visual, Olfactory, Tactile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hallucinations

A

Sensory experiences of stimuli that have either no basis in reality or are distorted perceptions of things that are there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

delusions

A

Paranoia, irrational bizarre beliefs that seem real to the person with SZ. May involves the sufferers believing they are under external control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Disorganised speech

A

The result of abnormal thought processes where the individual has problems organising their thoughts which show up in speech. They slip from one topic to another (derailment) or be so incoherent it sounds like gibberish (called ‘word salad’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

A

Includes the inability or motivation to initiate or even complete a task - this can lead to problems of personal hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Catatonia

A

Adopting rigid postures or aimless repetition of the same behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a negative symptom?

A

Those that appear to reflect a reduction or loss of normal functions which often persist even during periods of low positive symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Speech poverty (Alogia) , avolition, affective flattening, anhedonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is speech poverty? (Alogia)

A

Reduction in the amount and quality of speech. May occur with a delay in responses during conversation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Avolition (apathy)

A

Finding it difficult to begin or keep up with goal directed activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Who identifies signs of avolition?

A

Andreason (1982)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Andreason (1982)

A

Proposed signs of avolition: poor hygiene and grooming, lack of energy and lack of persistence in work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Affective flattening

A

reduction in range and intensity of emotional expressions and a deficit in prosody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Prosody

A

(Intonation, tempo, loudness and pausing) Aspects of speech that give queues to emotional content of a conversation.

36
Q

Anhedonia

A

A loss of interest or pleasure in all or most activities or a lack of reactivity to normally pleasurable things

37
Q

What are the 5 issues with classifying and diagnosing Schizophrenia?

A

Reliability, Validity, Co-morbidity, Symptom overlap, Gender bias and cultural bias

38
Q

How do co-morbidity, symptom overlap, gender and cultural bias impact the reliability and validity of classifying and diagnosing SZ?

A

They have a negative effect on it

39
Q

In which ways is reliability an issue in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

(Consistency of a measuring instrument) Inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability

40
Q

What is inter-rater reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

When two or more diagnosticians agree with the same diagnosis for the same individual after it is done separately

41
Q

What aspects of diagnosing schizophrenia cause issues for inter-rater reliability?

A

The different manuals (DSM and ICD) and different subjective ideas from psychiatrists.

42
Q

Who looked at inter-rater reliability?

A

Whaley (2001) and Cheniaux et al (2009)

43
Q

What did Whaley (2001) find about inter-rater reliability?

A

It was as low as +0.11 (DSM)

44
Q

How was Cheniax et al’s (2009) study into inter-rater reliability carried out?

A

Two psychiatrists independently diagnosed 100 schizophrenic patients using the ICD and DSM criteria

45
Q

What was found in Cheniaux et al’s (2009) study?

A

Inter-rater reliability was poor with one psychiatrist diagnosing 26 with SZ according to the DSM and 44 according to the ICD. The other had 13 from the DSM and 24 from the ICD

46
Q

What is test-retest reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

When a clinician makes the same diagnosis on separate occasions from the same information

47
Q

What aspects of diagnosing schizophrenia cause issues with test retest reliability?

A

The fact that the symptoms can fluctuate over time and the fact that ways of identifying the illness varies throughout time

48
Q

Who looked at test-retest reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

Read et al (2004)

49
Q

What did Read et al (2004) find about test-retest reliability?

A

It only had a 37% concordance rate and in a 1970 study with 194 UK and 134 US psychiatrists provided a diagnosis on the basis of a case description where 69% of US were diagnosed but only 2% of UK

50
Q

What study proved that there aren’t issues with the reliability of diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

Osario et al (2019)

51
Q

Osario et al (2019)

A

(DSM) Found inter-rater reliability was +0.97 and test retest was +0.92

52
Q

How is validity an issue in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

Are we diagnosing sz correctly based on the symptoms used in the manuals?

53
Q

How can the validity of a schizophrenia diagnosis be assessed?

A

Criterion validity

54
Q

What is criterion validity in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

When different assessment systems arrive at the same diagnosis for the same patient (DSM and ICD)

55
Q

How can Cheniaux et al’s study be applied to validity in terms of diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

SZ is much more likely to be diagnosed using ICD than DSM suggesting that SZ is either over diagnosed in ICD and under diagnosed in DSM

56
Q

Who conducted research into validity to prove that it is low?

A

Rosenhan (1973) “on being sane in insane places”

57
Q

What are the studies into the validity of diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

Rosenhan (1973), Birchwood and Jackson (2001)

58
Q

What was the aim of Rosenhan’s (1973) study?

A

To test validity of SZ diagnosis using the DSM (2nd) classification.

59
Q

What was the procedure of Rosenhan (1973)?

A

8 volunteers who didn’t suffer with mental illness presented themselves to different mental hospitals claiming they could hear voices (‘hollow, empty, thud’). All were admitted and acted normally and the time taken to be released and reactions to them were recorded.

60
Q

What were the findings of Rosenhan (1973)?

A

The volunteers took 7-52 to be released diagnosed as SZ in remission and normal behaviours were interpreted as symptoms of SZ. 35/118 patients suspected that the volunteers were sane

61
Q

What was the second part of the Rosenhan (1973) study?

A

A hospital was informed that an unspecified number of pseudo-patients would attempt to enter over 3 months and the number of suspected imposters were recorded. (No actual pseudo-patient attempted admission)

62
Q

What were the findings of the second part of the Rosenhan (1973) study?

A

193 patients admitted and 83 had suspicion of being false patients

63
Q

What do the Rosenhan study highlight?

A

The reason why diagnosis of SZ lacks validity as psychiatrists are unable to distinguish between real and pseudo-patients

64
Q

What did Birchwood and Jackson (2001) find?

A

Of schizophrenics, 20% recovered, 10% have significant improvement, 30% some improvement, 40% never recover and of these 10% commit suicide

65
Q

What did Birchwood and Jackson (2001)’s study suggest?

A

The variation in prognosis suggests very poor predictive validity

66
Q

Co-morbidity?

A

The idea that two or more mental disorders occur together at the same time with the same person

67
Q

Who looked at co-morbidity?

A

Buckley et al (2009)

68
Q

What did Buckley et al (2009) find?

A

50% of SZ patients have depression, 47% have substance abuse, 29% have PTSD and 23% have OCD

69
Q

Why is co-morbidity a problem when diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

If conditions occur together a lot of the time then this calls into question the validity of their diagnosis and classification because they might actually be a single condition.

70
Q

Symptom overlap

A

there is considerable overlap between the symptoms of SZ and other conditions.

71
Q

Who looked at symptom overlap?

A

Ellason and Ross (1995), Read (2004)

72
Q

What did Ellason and Ross (1995) find?

A

People with DID may have more schizophrenia symptoms than people with SZ

73
Q

What did Read (2004) find in regards to Ellason and Ross (1995) study?

A

Most people diagnosed with SZ have sufficient symptoms of other disorders that they could also receive at least one other diagnosis

74
Q

How is there gender bias in diagnosing SZ?

A

Since the 1980s men have been diagnosed with SZ more commonly than women

75
Q

Who looked at gender bias in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

Fischer and Buchanan (2017), Cotton (2009)

76
Q

What did Fischer and Buchanan (2017) find about gender bias in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

It was a ratio of 1.4:1 between men and women diagnosed

77
Q

What reason did Cotton (2009) find for men being diagnosed with schizophrenia more than women?

A

Women seem to function better than men, having good family relationships and more likely to work. Better interpersonal function.

78
Q

How is there a cultural bias in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

(Pinto and Jones (2008) African American and English people of African Caribbean origin are 9 times more likely to be diagnosed with SZ

79
Q

Who looked at cultural bias in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

Pinto and Jones (2008), Escobar (2012)

80
Q

Pinto and Jones (2008)

A

African American and English people of African Caribbean origin are 9 times more likely to be diagnosed with SZ

81
Q

Why may there be a cultural bias in diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

+ve symptoms may be acceptable in africa due to cultural beliefs in communication with ancestors.

82
Q

What did Escobar (2012) find?

A

In western cultures we may doubt the honesty of black people causing cultural bias.

83
Q

What are the advantages of classification and diagnosis?

A

Communication shorthand, Treatment, Understanding

84
Q

What is communication shorthand as an advantage of the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A

Patients with mental disorders may have numerous symptoms so it is easier to put this into a single diagnosis to easily communicate between professionals

85
Q

What is treatment as an advantage of the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A

Treatments are often specific to certain disorders so a reliable diagnosis can point to a therapy that will help

86
Q

What is understanding as an advantage of the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A

although there are variations there are many underlying biological abnormalities in people with schizophrenia so understanding this can help provide an effective treatment

Psychology - Schizophrenia (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions