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BIO 241 > Classifications - slide flashcards > Flashcards

Classifications - slide flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are life’s emergent properties?

A
  1. Evolution
  2. Organization
  3. Structure = function
  4. Interdependence
  5. Energy Flow
  6. Information Flow
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2
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

Cells

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3
Q

What is the basic unit of energy?

A

ATP

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4
Q

What is the basic unit of heredity?

A

DNA

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5
Q

What explains the unity and diversity of life?

A

Evolution

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6
Q

All life is______

A

connected.

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7
Q

What did Aristotle order organisms into?

A

Into levels of complexity

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8
Q

What was the name of Aristotle’s ideas?

A

The scala naturae/Great Chain of Being

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9
Q

What was the list on Aristotle’s great chain of being?

A

Angels
Archangles
Humans
Different organisms
Devil

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10
Q

What did Aristotle suggest that humans were trying to do?

A

That they strived to go up, but they were held down by their animalistic nature

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11
Q

Who was the first taxonomist?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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12
Q

What was Carolus’ Kingdom taxonomic hierarchy based on?

A

Based on similarities and differences in anatomy, physiology, and nutritional characteristic

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13
Q

Who did Carolus despise?

A

People who believed in mythological creatures
* Called them fools in his paradoxa

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14
Q

What does it mean if the DNA sequence of two organisms are extremely different?

A

It means that the species split into two and diverged over time, making them more and more differnet

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14
Q

What is the order of the Kingdom Taxonomic Hierarchy?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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15
Q

When comparing DNA sequences of genes, what are two must haves?

A
  • The gene must be present in all organisms
  • It must be relatively long
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16
Q

What does it mean if the DNA sequence of two organisms is similar?

A

It means that they are closely related species

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17
Q

How does the 3 Domain classification divide organisms?

A

It divides them based on similarities and differences in molecular information

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18
Q

Why did the 3 domain classification system evolve into the 2 domain classification system?

A

Because a group of archaea (Asgardians) were discovered that had eukaryotic features
* Cytoskeleton
* Phagocytosis
It then was believed that the eukarya stemed from eukaryotes

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19
Q

What are the 4 points of Domain Bacteria?

A
  • Prokaryotes (Before nucleus)
  • Unicellular
  • Cell walls of peptidoglycan (amino acids and sugars)
  • Small (1-5 micrometers)
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20
Q

What are the 4 points of Domain Archaea?

A
  • Prokaryotes (Before nucleus)
  • Unicellular
  • Cell walls pseupeptidyglogen (diff sugars that Bacteria)
  • Small (1-5 micrometers)
21
Q

What are the 4 points of Domain Eukaryotes?

A
  • Eukaryotic (true nucleus)
  • Unicellular and multicellular
  • Some have cell walls (plants and fungi)
    • cellulose
  • Larger (10-100 micrometers)
22
Q

Similarities and Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.

A
  • Both have DNA, ribosomes, cell membranes, cytosol
  • Prokaryotes have one circular DNA genome
  • Eukaryotes have multiple, linear DNA genome
  • Eukaryotes have membrane - bound organelles
23
Q

Why are Prokaryotic cells small?

A
  • Because as the volume increases, the surface area cannot handle this - the surface area will not be able to keep up with the nutrient exchange and ATP generation to support the cell
24
Q

How do Prokaryotes transport nutrients and waste across membranes?

A

By diffusion

25
Q

Why is the surface area of a membrane important?

A
  • It is the site of nutrient exchange and energy generation
  • It must support the internal volume
26
Q

Why can Eukaryotic cells be so large?

A
  • They have endomembrane systems (membrane bound organelles) that store and transport and nutrience
  • The mitochondria can also move around and make ATP where needed (on the cells surface or in the middle)
  • multicellular - working together and sharing tasks
27
Q

What is Horizontal gene transfer?

A

Gene from one species becomes part of another species

28
Q

What was the belief about endosymbiosis in regards to the mitochondria and chloroplast?

A

The belief that the chloroplast and mitochondria used to be free living Bacterial cells, but entered a symbiotic relationship with ancient Eukaryotic (independent prokaryotic) cells

29
Q

What did Eukaryotic cells originally used to be?

A

They used to be independent prokaryotic cells

30
Q

What did Eukaryotic cells require as they became more complex?

A

They required organelles that used to be free living organisms

31
Q

In Endosymbiosis, what is the host cell?

A

An archaea-like prokaryote

32
Q

In endosymbiosis who is the endosymbiont?

A

The bacteria-like prokaryote, that was really good at aerobic respiration

33
Q

What does the archaea receive in the endosymbiotic relationship?

A

ATP

34
Q

What does the Bacteria receive in the endosymbiotic relationship?

A

Nutrience and protection

35
Q

What does the host cell use its excess energy in the endosymbiotic relationship?

A

It uses its excess energy to evolve/grow larger and develop membrane systems

36
Q

What is evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • The mitochondria and the chloroplast are the same size as modern prokaryotes
  • Have their own circular DNA molecule
  • Divide by binary fission
    *Have 70s ribosomes (more prokaryotic like)
37
Q

What organisms need a source of energy?

A

Phototrophs and Chemotrophs

38
Q

Who are phototrophs?

A

Light eaters

39
Q

Who are chemotrophs?

A

Chemical eaters

40
Q

What do organotrophs eat?

A

organic molecules

41
Q

What do lithotrophs eat?

A

Inorganic molecules

42
Q

Who are autotrophs?

A

Create their own food.

43
Q

Who are lithotrophs?

A

They obtain energy from eating other organic molecules?

44
Q

Energy Source: Chemical, Carbon Source: Organic

A

Chemo - organo - heterotrophs

45
Q

Energy source: Inorganic, Carbon Source: Organic

A

Chemo - litho - heterotrops

46
Q

Energy source: Light, Carbon Source: Light

A

Photo - hetero - trophs

47
Q

Energy source: Organic, Carbon source: Inorganic

A

Chemo - organo - autotrophs

48
Q

Energy Source: Inorganic, Carbon Source: Inorganic

A

Chemo - litho - autotrophs

49
Q

Energy source: light, Carbon Source: Inorganic

A

Photo - auto trophs

BIO 241 (3 decks)

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