Classifications - slide flashcards
What are life’s emergent properties?
- Evolution
- Organization
- Structure = function
- Interdependence
- Energy Flow
- Information Flow
What is the basic unit of life?
Cells
What is the basic unit of energy?
ATP
What is the basic unit of heredity?
DNA
What explains the unity and diversity of life?
Evolution
All life is______
connected.
What did Aristotle order organisms into?
Into levels of complexity
What was the name of Aristotle’s ideas?
The scala naturae/Great Chain of Being
What was the list on Aristotle’s great chain of being?
Angels
Archangles
Humans
Different organisms
Devil
What did Aristotle suggest that humans were trying to do?
That they strived to go up, but they were held down by their animalistic nature
Who was the first taxonomist?
Carolus Linnaeus
What was Carolus’ Kingdom taxonomic hierarchy based on?
Based on similarities and differences in anatomy, physiology, and nutritional characteristic
Who did Carolus despise?
People who believed in mythological creatures
* Called them fools in his paradoxa
What does it mean if the DNA sequence of two organisms are extremely different?
It means that the species split into two and diverged over time, making them more and more differnet
What is the order of the Kingdom Taxonomic Hierarchy?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
When comparing DNA sequences of genes, what are two must haves?
- The gene must be present in all organisms
- It must be relatively long
What does it mean if the DNA sequence of two organisms is similar?
It means that they are closely related species
How does the 3 Domain classification divide organisms?
It divides them based on similarities and differences in molecular information
Why did the 3 domain classification system evolve into the 2 domain classification system?
Because a group of archaea (Asgardians) were discovered that had eukaryotic features
* Cytoskeleton
* Phagocytosis
It then was believed that the eukarya stemed from eukaryotes
What are the 4 points of Domain Bacteria?
- Prokaryotes (Before nucleus)
- Unicellular
- Cell walls of peptidoglycan (amino acids and sugars)
- Small (1-5 micrometers)
What are the 4 points of Domain Archaea?
- Prokaryotes (Before nucleus)
- Unicellular
- Cell walls pseupeptidyglogen (diff sugars that Bacteria)
- Small (1-5 micrometers)
What are the 4 points of Domain Eukaryotes?
- Eukaryotic (true nucleus)
- Unicellular and multicellular
- Some have cell walls (plants and fungi)
- cellulose
- Larger (10-100 micrometers)
Similarities and Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
- Both have DNA, ribosomes, cell membranes, cytosol
- Prokaryotes have one circular DNA genome
- Eukaryotes have multiple, linear DNA genome
- Eukaryotes have membrane - bound organelles
Why are Prokaryotic cells small?
- Because as the volume increases, the surface area cannot handle this - the surface area will not be able to keep up with the nutrient exchange and ATP generation to support the cell
How do Prokaryotes transport nutrients and waste across membranes?
By diffusion
Why is the surface area of a membrane important?
- It is the site of nutrient exchange and energy generation
- It must support the internal volume
Why can Eukaryotic cells be so large?
- They have endomembrane systems (membrane bound organelles) that store and transport and nutrience
- The mitochondria can also move around and make ATP where needed (on the cells surface or in the middle)
- multicellular - working together and sharing tasks
What is Horizontal gene transfer?
Gene from one species becomes part of another species
What was the belief about endosymbiosis in regards to the mitochondria and chloroplast?
The belief that the chloroplast and mitochondria used to be free living Bacterial cells, but entered a symbiotic relationship with ancient Eukaryotic (independent prokaryotic) cells
What did Eukaryotic cells originally used to be?
They used to be independent prokaryotic cells
What did Eukaryotic cells require as they became more complex?
They required organelles that used to be free living organisms
In Endosymbiosis, what is the host cell?
An archaea-like prokaryote
In endosymbiosis who is the endosymbiont?
The bacteria-like prokaryote, that was really good at aerobic respiration
What does the archaea receive in the endosymbiotic relationship?
ATP
What does the Bacteria receive in the endosymbiotic relationship?
Nutrience and protection
What does the host cell use its excess energy in the endosymbiotic relationship?
It uses its excess energy to evolve/grow larger and develop membrane systems
What is evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?
- The mitochondria and the chloroplast are the same size as modern prokaryotes
- Have their own circular DNA molecule
- Divide by binary fission
*Have 70s ribosomes (more prokaryotic like)
What organisms need a source of energy?
Phototrophs and Chemotrophs
Who are phototrophs?
Light eaters
Who are chemotrophs?
Chemical eaters
What do organotrophs eat?
organic molecules
What do lithotrophs eat?
Inorganic molecules
Who are autotrophs?
Create their own food.
Who are lithotrophs?
They obtain energy from eating other organic molecules?
Energy Source: Chemical, Carbon Source: Organic
Chemo - organo - heterotrophs
Energy source: Inorganic, Carbon Source: Organic
Chemo - litho - heterotrops
Energy source: Light, Carbon Source: Light
Photo - hetero - trophs
Energy source: Organic, Carbon source: Inorganic
Chemo - organo - autotrophs
Energy Source: Inorganic, Carbon Source: Inorganic
Chemo - litho - autotrophs
Energy source: light, Carbon Source: Inorganic
Photo - auto trophs
