Classifications Flashcards
Where does all life store genetic information?
Within DNA molecules
What translates genetic information into proteins?
Ribosomes (rRNA)
What happens when nucleotides sequences are similar?
The more closely related the species
How does the 3 domain classification system separate organisms?
Based on similarities and differences in molecular information
What archae did Lokis 1st discover?
Loki Archaota (Asgardians)
What made the Loki Archae different?
cytoskeleton
phagocytosis
What are the 4 points of Domain Bacteria?
- Prokaryotes (Before nucleus)
- Unicellular
- Cell walls of peptidoglycan (amino acids and sugars)
- Small (1-5 micrometers)
What are the 4 points of Domain Archaea?
- Prokaryotic
- Unicellular
- Cell walls of pseudopeptidoglycan
- Small (1-5 micrometers)
Which domains are the most similar?
Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria
Which climates are Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea found in?
Extreme environments, high temperatures, high salt/acid concentration
What are the four points of Domain Eukarya?
- Eukaryotic
- Unicellular (Amoeba or Caramezia) and Multicellular (fungi, plants, animals)
- Some have cell walls (plants and fungi)
- cell walls different from prokaryotes (cellulose, pectin, chitin)
- Cells are larger (10-100 micrometers)
What are the four points of Eukaryotes verses Prokaryotes?
- Both have DNA, ribosomes (size differs), cell membranes, cytosal
- Prokaryotes have one circular DNA genome
- Eukaryotes have multiple, linear DNA genomes
*Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles (golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts)
What happens when a cell doubles in size?
The surface area increases faster (4x) then the volume that increases at a rate of 8x
Is the surface area/volume ration larger or smaller in small cells?
Larger
Is the surface area/volume ration larger or smaller in small cells?
Smaller
What happens on the surface area of a cells membrane?
- Nutrient Exchange
- Energy Generation
- Excretion of Waste
- In other words diffusion
About how much bigger are Eukaryotes compared to Prokaryotes?
About 10 times larger
What do endomembrane systems do?
Store and transports nutrients
What are the 7 points of life’s emergent properties?
- Evolution
- Organization
- Structure = function
- Interdependence
- Energy Flow
- Information Flow
What are the basic units of life?
Cells
What are the basic units of energy?
ATP
What are the basic units of Hereditary?
DNA
What explains the unity and diversity of life?
Evolution
What did Aristotle create?
The Great Chain of Being aka Scala Naturae
* He organized organisms into levels of complexity
* Angels
* Archangels
* Humans
* Diff organisms
* Devil
What was the goal of humans in Aristotle’s chain of being?
They strived to go up but they were dragged down by their animalistic nature
Who was the first taxonomist?
Carolus Linnaeus
What is the Kingdom taxonomic hierarchy based on?
Based on similarities and differences in anatomy, physiology, and nutritional characteristics
What did Carolus Linnaeus despise?
He despised people who believed in mythological creatures.
* In his paradox he further bashed this
What is the most general in the taxanomic hierarchy?
Kingdom
What is the most specific in taxanomic hierarchy?
Genus Species
What is the ranking of the taxanomic hierarchy?
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Who created the binomial nomenculture?
Lanneus
What is phylogeny?
The tracing of the evolutionary history of organisms
When scientists select one gene to compare species what must the look for?
- The gene must be present in all organisms
- The DNA sequence must be relatively long - the longer it is, the more information it has to compare among species
Who was the first scientist to use the DNA molecule.
Carl Woese
How is the structure of ribosome built?
By a combination of protein and ribosomal RNA
What specific gene did Woese focus on and how long is the nuceotide sequence?
The one that codes for the rRNA molecule
1500 nucleotides in length
What allows Eukaryotes to be so large?
- They have endomembrane systems that store and transport nutrience where they are needed
- The mitochondria moves around and makes ATP where needed
What common ancestor did all organisms descend from?
LUCA
What are the 7 common features that all forms of life on
earth share?
- Membrane of lipid bilayer
- Genetic system based on DNA
- Central Dogma
- Ribosomes
- Relies on proteins for structure
- Uses ATP for chemical energy
- Common pathways of energy transformation
What are common features about the LUKA?
- Lived without 02
- Fixed CO2 into organic molecules
- Converted N2 to ammonia
- reactions similar to the reverse citric acid cycle
- H2 as a source of hydrogen atoms and electrons
- Lived in hot environments (thermophilic)
What does LUKA stand for?
Last Universal Common Ancestor
