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BIO 241 > Classifications > Flashcards

Classifications Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does all life store genetic information?

A

Within DNA molecules

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2
Q

What translates genetic information into proteins?

A

Ribosomes (rRNA)

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3
Q

What happens when nucleotides sequences are similar?

A

The more closely related the species

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4
Q

How does the 3 domain classification system separate organisms?

A

Based on similarities and differences in molecular information

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5
Q

What archae did Lokis 1st discover?

A

Loki Archaota (Asgardians)

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6
Q

What made the Loki Archae different?

A

cytoskeleton
phagocytosis

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7
Q

What are the 4 points of Domain Bacteria?

A
  • Prokaryotes (Before nucleus)
  • Unicellular
  • Cell walls of peptidoglycan (amino acids and sugars)
  • Small (1-5 micrometers)
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8
Q

What are the 4 points of Domain Archaea?

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • Cell walls of pseudopeptidoglycan
  • Small (1-5 micrometers)
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9
Q

Which domains are the most similar?

A

Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria

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10
Q

Which climates are Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea found in?

A

Extreme environments, high temperatures, high salt/acid concentration

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11
Q

What are the four points of Domain Eukarya?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Unicellular (Amoeba or Caramezia) and Multicellular (fungi, plants, animals)
  • Some have cell walls (plants and fungi)
  • cell walls different from prokaryotes (cellulose, pectin, chitin)
  • Cells are larger (10-100 micrometers)
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12
Q

What are the four points of Eukaryotes verses Prokaryotes?

A
  • Both have DNA, ribosomes (size differs), cell membranes, cytosal
  • Prokaryotes have one circular DNA genome
  • Eukaryotes have multiple, linear DNA genomes

*Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles (golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts)

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13
Q

What happens when a cell doubles in size?

A

The surface area increases faster (4x) then the volume that increases at a rate of 8x

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14
Q

Is the surface area/volume ration larger or smaller in small cells?

A

Larger

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15
Q

Is the surface area/volume ration larger or smaller in small cells?

A

Smaller

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16
Q

What happens on the surface area of a cells membrane?

A
  • Nutrient Exchange
  • Energy Generation
  • Excretion of Waste
  • In other words diffusion
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17
Q

About how much bigger are Eukaryotes compared to Prokaryotes?

A

About 10 times larger

18
Q

What do endomembrane systems do?

A

Store and transports nutrients

19
Q

What are the 7 points of life’s emergent properties?

A
  1. Evolution
  2. Organization
  3. Structure = function
  4. Interdependence
  5. Energy Flow
  6. Information Flow
20
Q

What are the basic units of life?

A

Cells

21
Q

What are the basic units of energy?

A

ATP

22
Q

What are the basic units of Hereditary?

A

DNA

23
Q

What explains the unity and diversity of life?

A

Evolution

24
Q

What did Aristotle create?

A

The Great Chain of Being aka Scala Naturae
* He organized organisms into levels of complexity
* Angels
* Archangels
* Humans
* Diff organisms
* Devil

25
Q

What was the goal of humans in Aristotle’s chain of being?

A

They strived to go up but they were dragged down by their animalistic nature

26
Q

Who was the first taxonomist?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

27
Q

What is the Kingdom taxonomic hierarchy based on?

A

Based on similarities and differences in anatomy, physiology, and nutritional characteristics

28
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus despise?

A

He despised people who believed in mythological creatures.
* In his paradox he further bashed this

29
Q

What is the most general in the taxanomic hierarchy?

A

Kingdom

30
Q

What is the most specific in taxanomic hierarchy?

A

Genus Species

31
Q

What is the ranking of the taxanomic hierarchy?

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
32
Q

Who created the binomial nomenculture?

A

Lanneus

33
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The tracing of the evolutionary history of organisms

34
Q

When scientists select one gene to compare species what must the look for?

A
  1. The gene must be present in all organisms
  2. The DNA sequence must be relatively long - the longer it is, the more information it has to compare among species
35
Q

Who was the first scientist to use the DNA molecule.

A

Carl Woese

36
Q

How is the structure of ribosome built?

A

By a combination of protein and ribosomal RNA

37
Q

What specific gene did Woese focus on and how long is the nuceotide sequence?

A

The one that codes for the rRNA molecule
1500 nucleotides in length

38
Q

What allows Eukaryotes to be so large?

A
  • They have endomembrane systems that store and transport nutrience where they are needed
  • The mitochondria moves around and makes ATP where needed
39
Q

What common ancestor did all organisms descend from?

A

LUCA

40
Q

What are the 7 common features that all forms of life on
earth share?

A
  • Membrane of lipid bilayer
  • Genetic system based on DNA
  • Central Dogma
  • Ribosomes
  • Relies on proteins for structure
  • Uses ATP for chemical energy
  • Common pathways of energy transformation
41
Q

What are common features about the LUKA?

A
  • Lived without 02
  • Fixed CO2 into organic molecules
  • Converted N2 to ammonia
  • reactions similar to the reverse citric acid cycle
  • H2 as a source of hydrogen atoms and electrons
  • Lived in hot environments (thermophilic)
42
Q

What does LUKA stand for?

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

BIO 241 (3 decks)

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