classification of schizophrenia

Question 1

what are positive symptoms

Answer 1

symptoms that add something additional to normal behaviour

Question 2

what are negative symptoms

Answer 2

symptoms that take away from normal functioning

Question 3

what’re 2 positive symptoms

Answer 3

hallucinations (signs, sounds and distorted perceptions)
delusions (beliefs that are inconsistent with realist)

Question 4

what’re 2 negative symptoms

Answer 4

speech poverty (slow, delayed and infrequent speech)
avolition (lack of goal directed behaviour / reduced motivation)

Question 5

what 2 manuals are commonly used to diagnose schizophrenics

Answer 5

DSM 5
ICD 10

Question 6

what’re the characteristic symptoms that manuals require for a diagnoses

Answer 6

2 out of:
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganised speech
-catatonic/grossly disorganised behaviour
-negative symptoms
The DSM needs at least one positive symptom
The ICD needs any 2 symptoms (including negatives)

Question 7

what is reliability

Answer 7

consistency

Question 8

what is validity

Answer 8

accuracy

Question 9

what does criterion validity involve

Answer 9

how accurately the ‘test’ used to measure (schizophrenia) actually measures (schizophrenia)

Question 10

how did Osorio support schizophrenia assessment’s test-retest reliability

Answer 10

Osorio et al. (2019) used 180 individuals in an assessment for schizophrenia.
he found test-retest reliability of +0.92 for the DSM 5

Question 11

how did Osorio support schizophrenia assessment’s test inter-rater reliability

Answer 11

Osorio et al. (2019) used 180 individuals in an assessment for schizophrenia, found inter-rater reliability of +0.97 for the DSM 5

Question 12

what percentage from results is required to be considered reliable in psychology

Answer 12

+0.8

Question 13

are osorio’s findings a strength or weakness for reliability of classification of schizophrenia

Answer 13

Strength for the reliability of classification of schizophrenia because they provide consistent results based on the objective symptoms

Question 14

how did Cheniaux study the criterion validity of the classification of schizophrenia

Answer 14

used 100 individuals assessed by 2 doctors: one with the DSM and the other the ICD.

Question 15

what were cheniaux’s results

Answer 15

39 were diagnosed under the DSM and 68 under the ICD
either people are needlessly diagnosed by the ICD or under-diagnosed by the DSM, lowering the criterion validity of the diagnosis

Question 16

what was Rosenhan’s study

Answer 16

he used healthy “pseudopatients” (3 women and 5 men including Rosenhan) to be diagnosed after briefly faking the symptom of auditory hallucination of the work ‘thud’ only and no other symptoms.

Question 17

what were Rosenhan’s results

Answer 17

All were admitted and diagnosed with psychiatric disorders.
after acting normally and saying they felt fine, the admitted pseudopatients were forced to admit to having a mental illness and to agree to take antipsychotic drugs as a condition of their release
the average time in the hospital was 19 days

Question 18

how did Rosenhan’s follow up worsen diagnoses validities further

Answer 18

upon releasing his details he deceived the hospitals by warning of future pseudopatients
after the hospitals ‘identified’ them, Rosenhan explained how he had lied and that there weren’t any pseudopatients

Question 19

what was Osorio’s inter-rater reliability

Answer 19

+0.97

Question 20

what was Osorio’s test-retest reliability

Answer 20

+0.92

Question 21

what is co-morbidity

Answer 21

if 2 conditions occur together much of the time it questions whether they should be diagnosed as the same condition rather than 2

Question 22

what’re the co-morbidity stats for Sz

Answer 22

50% also depression
47% substance abuse
23% OCD

Question 23

what is the symptom overlap issue with Sz

Answer 23

-some overlap exists eg. Bipolar disorder includes positive symptoms such as hallucinations/delusions, and negative symptoms such as avolition
-this means that they may not be 2 different conditions but variations of the same illness that are hard to diagnose

Question 24

what is the gender bias issue with Sz

Answer 24

-men are ~40% more frequently diagnosed than women.
-could be women being less likely to have Sz or be better at ‘managing’ it, eg closer friends/better support
-means the criteria may not be properly identifying female Sz, meaning that women are unlikely to get the help/treatment needed

Question 25

what is the cultural bias issue with Sz

Answer 25

-some symptoms eg hearing voices have different cultural meanings, eg in Haiti voices are ancestral communication
-Pinto & Jones found British people with Afro-Caribbean heritage are up to 10x more likely to be diagnosed with Sz than white British people. yet this diagnoses worldwide for Afro-Caribbean people is not significantly higher
-likely due to a culture his in patient diagnosis, the doctors over interpret Sz symptoms in black people - a form of discrimination