Classification Of Parasite Flashcards
Endoparasites are not just in the body they are
In the cell
humans are the definitive host for malaria
T/F
False
What is parasitology
science that deals with organisms that depend on other living organisms for shelter and nourishmen
Helminthology implies?
Worms
Entomology implies
Science that deals with Arthropods
Parasites may be ________ or ___________
simple unicellular protozoa
complex multicellular metazoa
A parasite is a living organism that acquires some of its basic nutritional requirements through _______________ with another living organism
Its intimate contact
All parasitic organisms are eukaryotes
T/F
True
Protozoa are
Eg
Unicellular organisms
Plasmodium
Metazoa are
Multicellular organisms
eg
Helminths
Arthropods
What is a definitive host
the organism in which the adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite lives
What is an intermediate host
the organism in which the parasite lives during a period of its development only
A disease of an animal which infects man is
A zoonotic disease
Vectors are?
Living carriers that transport a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non infected host
What is the universally accepted system for classifying parasites
There is none
Parasites form part of the _________ kingdom which comprises some __________ identified species categorised into _____________ phyla (but it is estimated that there may be ~_______ species in total)
Animal
800,000
33
10 million
The parasitic organisms that are of importance for human health are prokaryotes
T/F
No, they are eukaryotes
According to their celluar structure,parasites are classified into 2 sub-kingdom which are
Protozoa
Metazoa
Protozoan (unicellular) parasites are classified according to _______ & _______
morphology and means of locomotion.
Most protozoans species that cause human disease belong to phylums?
Sarcomastigophora
Apicomplexa
Metazoa are classified according to
Site of infection:
Intestinal, urogenital, blood & tissue parasites, cutaneous, others
According to degree of pathogenicity, protozoa can be categorized into
I) pathogenic
2) Non-pathogenic (commensals: an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm)
3) opportunistic: Opportunistic pathogens are microbes that usually do not cause disease in healthy people, but may become virulent with immunocompromised and unhealthy individuals.
4 types according types of organs for locomotion
Amoebae - pseudopodia
Flagellates - flagella
Ciliates - cilia
Sporozoa - absence of locomotion
Parasitic helminths, or worms of humans, belong to two phyla
Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Platyhelminthes are subdivided into 2 classes:
Trematoda (flukes)
Cestoda (tapeworms)
According to their anatomical habitats in humans, parasites are divided into?
- Ectoparasite:
a parasite that lives on the external surface of another living organism” ( Parasitizing the skin surface) e.g. lice, ticks - Endoparasite “a parasite that lives within another living organism” (Parasitizing the internal tissues) e.g. malaria, Giardia
Sub kingdom Protozoa is divided into 3 phyla
Sarcomastigophora
Apicomplexa (sporozoa)
[no organelle of locomotion. undergo a complex life cycle with altemating reproductive phases}
Ciliophora (Cilliates)
move by cilia; Microsporidia; Spore-forming
Phylum Sarcomastigophora is divided into 2
Sub phylum
Genus
Specie
Sarcodina-(amoebae): move by pseudopodia
Genus: Entamoeba
Specie: E. histolytica
Mastigophora (flagellates): move by flagella
Genus: Giardia
Specie: G. lamblia
Subphylum apicomplexa divides straight into genus
Plasmodium
Species:
P. falciparum,
P. vivax,
P. malariae,
P. Ovale
p. knowlesi
Subphylum ciliophora divides straight into genus
Balantidium
Enterocyto-Z0a
Species-examples
B. coli
E. bienusi
Taxonomic classification of helminths using the 2 phylums
Phylum 1:
Sub kingdom Metazoa
Phylum: Nematodes
[Round worms; appear round in cross section, they have body
cavites, a strapnt aimentary
canaland an anus]
No Class
Genus examples:
Ascaris (roundworm)
Trichuris (whipworm)
Ancylstoma (hookworm)
Necator (hookworm)
Enterobius (pinworm or threadworm)
Strongyloides
Using phylum 2:
Subkingdom: Metazoa
Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
Flat worms: dorsoventrally flattened. no body cavity and. if present. the alimentary canal is blind ending
Class 1. Cestodes
Adult tapeworms are found in the intestine of their host
They have a head (scolex) with sucking organs, a segmented body but no alimentary canal
Each body segment is hermaphrodite
Genus: Taenia(tapeworm)
Class 2. Trematodes
Non-segmented, usually leaf-shaped, with two suckers but no distinct head
They have an alimentary canal and are usually hermaphrodite and leaf shaped
Schistosomes are the exception.
They are thread-like, and have several sexes
Genus: Fasciolopsis (liver fluke)Schistosoma
EXAMPLES
Amebae (Intestinal)
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar*
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba polecki
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba butschlii
Blastocystis hominis
Flagellates (Intestinal)
Giardia lamblia
Chilomastix mesnili
Dientamoeba fragilis
Trichomonas hominis
Enteromonas hominis
Retortamonas intestinalis
Ciliates (intestinal)
Balantidium coli
Coccidia, Microsporidia (Intestinal)
Coccidia
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Isospora belli
Sarcocystis hominis
Sarcocystis suihominis
Microsporidia
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Encephalitozoon intestinalis
Blood and tissue Sporozoa (Malaria and Babesiosis)
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
Babesia species
Blood & Tissue flagellates
Leishmania tropica complex
Leishmania mexicana complex
Leishmania braziliensis complex
Leishmania donovani complex
Leishmania peruviana
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosoma rangeli
Other body sites
Amoeba & flagellates
Amebae
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba species
Entamoeba gingivalis
Balamuthia mandrillaris (Leptomyxid ameba)
Flagellates
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas tenax
Other body sites
Coccidea & Microsporidia
Coccidia
Toxoplasma gondii
Sarcocystis “lindemanni”
Microsporidia
Nosema connori
Vittaforma corneae
Pleistophora
Trachipleistophora hominis
Brachiola
Encephalitozoon hellum
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Encephalitozoon intestinalis
Encephalitozoon bieneusi
“Microsporidium”
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Intestinal helminths
Nematodes aka
Nematodes (Roundworms):
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus
Strongyloides stercoralis
Trichostrongylus species
Trichuris trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis
Intestinal helminths
Cestodes aka
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Diphyllobothrium latum
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Intestinal helminths
Trematodes aka
Trematodes (Flukes):
Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
Tissue helminths
Nematodes include
Nematodes
Trichinella spiralis
Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati (Visceral larva migrans and Ocular larva migrans
Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma caninum (Cutaneous larva migrans)
Dracunculus medinensis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Angiostrongylus costaricensis
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Anisakis species ,Phocanema species, Contracaecum species (larvae from saltwater fish)
Eustrongylides species
Capillaria hepatica
Thelazia species
Gnathostoma species
Blood & tissue
Filarial worms
Blood and Tissues (Filarial Worms)
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella ozzardi
Mansonella streptocerca
Mansonella perstans
Dirofilaria immitis (usually lung lesion; in dogs, heartworm)
Dirofilaria species (may be found in subcutaneous nodules)
Tissue cestodes
Tissue cestodes(Larval Forms):
Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularis
Taenia multiceps (formerly Multiceps multiceps)
Taenia serialis
Spirometra mansonoides
Spirometra mansoni
Diphyllobothrium species
Tissue helminths
Liver/Lung trematodes
Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) sinensis
Opisthorchis viverrini
Fasciola hepatica
Paragonimus westermani
Paragonimus mexicanus
Paragonimus species
Tissue helminths
Blood trematodes
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma intercalatum
Schistosoma mekongi
Arthropods
Diplopoda
Millipedes
Chilopoda
Centipedes
Crustacea
Copepoda: copepods (Cyclops)
Decapoda: crayfish, lobsters, crabs
Arachnida
Scorpiones: scorpions
Araneae: spiders (black widow, brown recluse)
Acari: ticks (Dermacentor, Ixodes, Argas, Ornithodoros)
Mites (Sarcoptes)
Arthropod insects
Insecta
Anoplura: sucking lice (Pediculus, Phthirus)
Siphonaptera: fleas (Pulex, Xenopsylla, etc.)
Dictyoptera: cockroaches
Hemiptera: true bugs (Triatoma)
Hymenoptera: bees, wasps, etc.
Coleoptera: beetles
Lepidoptera: butterflies, caterpillars, moths, etc.
Diptera: flies, mosquitoes, gnats, midges
Other classifications include
Pentastomids (Tongue Worms)
Tissue (Larval Forms)
Armillifer species
Linguatula serrata
Sebekia species
Nasopharyngeal (Adult Worms)
Armillifer species
Linguatula serrata
Acanthocephalans (Thorny-Headed Worms)
Intestine:
Macrocanthorynchus hirudinace
