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Microbiology > Classification of Micro-organisms > Flashcards

Classification of Micro-organisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Microbiology?

A

Is The Study Of Living Organisms That Are Only Visible Under A Microscope.

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2
Q

What is the Science Of Pathogenic Bacteria

A

Bacteriology

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3
Q

What is the Science Of Infectious Viruses

A

Virology

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4
Q

What is The Study Of Reactions Between Antigen And Antibody

A

Serology

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5
Q

What is the Study Of Fungi- Pathogenic To Man

A

Mycology

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6
Q

What is the Study Of Parasites- Protozoa And Helminths (Worms)

A

Parasitology

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7
Q

What is the Study Of Pathogenic Protozoa

A

Protozoology

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8
Q

What is the Study Of Helminths (Worms)

A

Helminthology

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9
Q

What is the Study Of Insects (Vectors)- Transmitting Diseases To Man.

A

Entomology

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10
Q

What did Louis pasteur contribute to Microbiology?

A

He is a french chemist who is considered the father of microbiology.
1) Microbial theory of fermentation
2) Principles and practice of sterilisation (steam steriliser, hot air oven and autoclave)
3) Control of diseases of silkworms
4) development of vaccines for rabies, anthrax and cholera.
5) discovery of streptococci
6) Established A Link Between Bacteria And Diseases
7) Micro-Organisms Could Also Be Found On Non-Living
Matter Such As Liquids, Solids And Air
8) Developed The Concept Of Pasteurisation Which Is Still Used Today.

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11
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis contribute to Microbiology?

A

● without knowing about micro-organisms, he worked out how to prevent the spread of puerperal sepsis in postnatal wards.
● Hand disinfection

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12
Q

What did John Snow contribute to Microbiology?

A

He is regarded as the first Epidemiologist
● identified the source of the spread of cholera in London
● and prevented further spread of the disease by removing the handle
of the contaminated water pump

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13
Q

What did Antony van Leeuwenhoek contribute to Microbiology?

A

He is considered the father of Microscopy
Developed a powerful magnifying glass through which he saw and called them ‘animalcules’. He was the first person to see and describe microbes.

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14
Q

What did Joseph Lister contribute to Microbiology?

A

Lister- aseptic technique during surgery

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15
Q

What did Alexander Fleming contribute to microbiology?

A

● Discovery of the first antibiotic
● Isolated penicillin in 1928 (introduced in 1942), an antibiotic substance produced by the
fungus Penicillium notatum
● This accidental discovery marked the start of modern antibiotics

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16
Q

What did Zacharias Janssen contribute to microbiology?

A

first compound microscope

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17
Q

What did Edward Jenner contribute to microbiology?

A

developed the first vaccination for Smallpox

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18
Q

What did Gerald Hansen contribute to microbiology?

A

identified the Mycobacterium leprae, which causes Leprosy, a
disease first recorded about 600 BC in India and China.

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19
Q

What did Edwin Klebs contribute to microbiology?

A

identified Corynebacter diphtheriae ,discovery of exotoxins, which
are powerful tissue poisons which some organisms produce during growth.
● Diphtheriae has been almost completely eradicated due to the constant use of a human
vaccine from 1913.

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20
Q

What did Hans Christian Gram contribute to microbiology?

A

developed a method of staining bacteria.

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21
Q

What did Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin contribute to microbiology?

A

introduced a vaccine against Tuberculosis -
the BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin)

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22
Q

What did Paul Elrich contribute to microbiology?

A

introduced an arsenical antimicrobial called Salvarsa. First drug
effective against Syphilis

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23
Q

What did Robert Koch contribute to microbiology?

A

german doctor who is considered the father of bacteriology
1) discovery and use of solid media in microbiology
2) discovery of the causative agents of anthrax, TB and cholera
3) Koch’s phenomenon, hypersensitivity phenomenon of mycobacterium tuberculosis
4) koch’s postulates

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24
Q

Describe a prokaryotic cell

A

-Small in size
-No nucleus
-Cells divide by binary fission
-Includes only bacteria
-Lacks Organelles
-Single-celled organisms
-DNA is usually a singular circular chromosome

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25
Q

Describe a eukaryotic cell

A

-Large in size
-Has a true nucleus
-Cells divide by mitosis
- Includes Fungi, parasites and protozoa
-Has organelles
-Can be single-celled or multi-celled organisms
-DNA is organised as multiple linear chromosomes

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26
Q

Describe the coccus shape of bacteria

A

● Oval or spherical shaped
● Can be arranged in pairs (diplococci) or clusters (staphylococci) Or chains (streptococci)

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27
Q

Describe the Bacillus shape of bacteria

A

● Rod-shaped
● Coccobacilli- length approximately same as width
● Streptobacilli – bacilli arranged in chains
● Chinese Letter or Curie form patterns at right angles to
each other- Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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28
Q

Describe the coccobacillus shape of bacteria

A

They are a type of bacteria that are shaped like very short rods or ovals. cocci are oval or spherical shaped while bacillus are rod shaped. therefore coccobaccilus is a combination between coccus and bacillus

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29
Q

Describe the Vibrio shape of bacteria

A

Curved or comma shaped
● Curved rods
● Vibrating motility
● Vibrio Cholerae

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30
Q

Describe the spirilla shape of bacteria

A

Rigid spiral forms E.g. Spirillum
minus

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31
Q

Describe the spirochetes shape of bacteria

A

Coiled shape
● Has slender flexuous spiral forms

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32
Q

Describe the actinomycetes shape of bacteria

A

Has slender flexuous spiral forms
● Branching filamentous bacteria
● Resembles fungus when seen in tissue lesions

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33
Q

Describe the mycoplasma shape of bacteria

A

Tiny bacteria, smaller than large viruses, lacking cell wall
● Can live independently
● Can grow in artificial media
● No stable shape
● Round or oval bodies
● With interlacing filaments

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34
Q

Describe the chlamydia shape of bacteria

A

Very small intracellular bacteria visible with light
microscope
● Intracellular parasites
● Fail to grow in cell-free media
● Possess both DNA and RNA
● Susceptible to usual antibiotics
● Causes trachoma and lymphogranuloma venereum

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35
Q

What is a virus

A

Virus is a latin word meaning poison. they are unicellular, ultramicroscopic particles containing RNA or DNA which replicate inside living cells (not by binary fission) they are acellular.

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36
Q

what is the structure of a virus

A

a virus is composed of three main parts

capsid- is a protein coat which protects the nucleic acids from nucleases and is composed of a large number of capsomers.

nucleic acid- contains the viral genome- all the genetic information.

envelope- certain viruses contain envelopes and are lipoprotein aqueous in nature.

37
Q

what is the size of a virus

A

they vary in size

38
Q

what are the 3 shapes of a virus

A

bullet shape, brick shape, rod shaped

39
Q

what is the symmetry of a virus

A

Icosahedral
Helical complex

40
Q

How are viruses cultivated?

A

Inoculation into animals- mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and primates
● Inoculation into embryonated eggs – fertile chicken eggs incubated for 5-12 days

● Tissue – method of choice, involves obtaining living cells derived from monkey kidneys
or human amnion

● Cytopathic effect –when viruses kill the cell in which it grows, it brings about changes in
the host cell

41
Q

What are the characteristics of a virus

A

Smallest infectious agent
● Do not possess cellular organisation
● Obligate intracellular parasites due to lack of enzymes and so depend on the synthetic
machinery of host cells
● Contains one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA
● The nucleic acid is enclosed in a protein shell
● Fail to grow on artificial media
● Limited host range
● Multiply by a complex process – replication
● Uncuffed by antibiotics

42
Q

define Viroid

A

viroids are infectious agents that are resistant to heat and organic solvents

43
Q

define prion

A

prion refers to infectious proteins without nucleic acids and are resistant to physical and chemical agents

44
Q

What is the disease that variola virus causes

A

DNA virus
disease- small pox

45
Q

Herpes virus- give the virus and the disease
which type of virus is this virus (DNA or RNA)

A

DNA virus
virus- herpes simplex 1 and 2
disease- Herpetic stomatitis, cold sores, genital herpes, chicken pox, glandular fever, burkitt lymphoma (Tumor of the jaw)

46
Q

What diseases does adenovirus cause

A

DNA virus
virus- Adenovirus
disease- Respiratory, eye and gastrointestinal diseases

47
Q

Hepa DNS viruses- give the virus and the disease
which type of virus is this virus (DNA or RNA)

A

DNA virus
virus- Hepatitis B
disease- serum hepatitis

48
Q

Papova viruses- give the virus and the disease
which type of virus is this virus (DNA or RNA)

A

DNA virus
virus- Papillomavirus
disease- Warts and human skin cancer

49
Q

what disease does polioviruses, rhinoviruses and enteroviruses cause

A

RNA virus
disease- poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, common cold

50
Q

what disease does alphavirus and flavivirus cause

A

RNA virus
virus- alphavirus, flavivirus
disease- encephalitis, japanese encephalitis (JE), Brain fever, dengue fever/ yellow fever

51
Q

what disease does influenza virus cause

A

RNA virus
virus- Influenza
disease- Influenza

52
Q

what is the disease caused by Parainfluenza virus

A

RNA virus
disease- Croup, respiratory infections, bronchitis, measles, mumps

53
Q

Rhabdovirus- give the virus and the disease
which type of virus is this virus (DNA or RNA)

A

RNA virus
virus- Rabies
disease- Rabies (hydrophobia) zoonoses

54
Q

What does Rotavirus cause

A

RNA virus
virus- Rotavirus
disease- Infantile gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, virus causing respiratory infection

55
Q

Retrovirus- give the virus and the disease
which type of virus is this virus (DNA or RNA)

A

RNA virus
virus- HIV Type 1 and Type 2
disease- AIDS

56
Q

What is the study of fungi called

A

mycology

57
Q

What are the 3 major groups of Mycoses

A

Superficial
Deep
Opportunistic

58
Q

what is the scientific name of ringworm and where does it affect the human

A

Dermatophytosis- infects the hair, skin and nails

59
Q

What are the three branches of Dermatophytosis and where do each affect the human body

A

Trichophyton- infects the hair, skin and nails
Microsporum- Infects the hair and the skin
Epidermophyton- infects the skin and nails

60
Q

What are the classifications of deep mycosis

A

Subcutaneous and systemic

61
Q

What are the three branches of subcutaneous deep mycosis
and where in the body does it affect the human

A

Mycetoma- it infects the feet
Sporotrichosis- infects the skin and subcutaneous tissues
Rhinosporidiosis- infects the nose, mouth and eyes

62
Q

How Many types of systemic mycosis are there

A

5 types

63
Q

List the five types of systemic deep mycosis

A
  1. Cryptococcosis
  2. Histoplasmosis
    3.Blastomycosis
    4.Para coccidioidomycosis
  3. Coccidioitides mycosis
64
Q

What and where does
mucomycosis occur in the body

A

Disease caused by Rhizopus Mucor in diabetics and other debilitating illness
*Primary infection occur in the lungs invading arteries

65
Q

what is athletes foot

A

Fungal infection of the skin
Usually between the toes or on soles of feet
Most commonly feet because shoes ensure a warm ,dark and humid environment conducive for growth
Damp areas around swimming pools, public lockers and showers are breeding grounds

66
Q

What are the symptoms of athletes foot

A

Red scaly rash between toes
Itching and burning of affected areas
After itching, areas become raw and weepy
Common in adolescent children, especially boys
And bad smelly feet

67
Q

How do you prevent getting athletes foot

A

Discourage walking around bare feet in constant damp areas
Sundry shoes between uses, especially kids
Change socks daily
Wash feet daily and after play
Dry feet thoroughly especially between toes
Encourage wearing of cotton socks for sweat absorption

68
Q

what is candidiasis /candidiosis

A

Refers to skin infection, mucosa and rarely internal organs
Caused by yeast fungus Candida albicans
Candida species are normal inhabitants of thee skin and mucosa
It is an endogenous opportunistic infection
Common in diabetes

69
Q

what is vaginitis

A

Vaginitis characterised by acidic discharge-frequently during pregnancy

70
Q

what is rickettsiae

A

Rickettsiae is a diverse collection of obligately intracellular gram- negative bacteria

71
Q

where are rickettsiae found

A

they are found in ticks, lice, fleas, mites, chiggers and mammals

72
Q

What are the four categories that the protozoa are classified into

A
  1. Amoebas
  2. Flagellates
  3. Sporozoa
  4. Ciliates
73
Q

What is a parasite

A

An organism , which is dependent on another organism for survival
Obtains nourishment and shelter from the organisms on which it thrives
Broadly classified into Protozoa and Helminths

74
Q

What is a obligate parasite

A

A parasite which is completely dependent on the host

75
Q

What is a pathogen

A

a pathogen is a parasite, which is able to produce disease in the host

76
Q

what is a host

A

An organism which harbours the parasite and it is usually larger than the parasite

77
Q

What is an intermediate host

A

A host in which the intermediate stage of the parasite develops/larvae

78
Q

What is a definitive host

A

A host in which sexual reproduction takes place

79
Q

What are the 3 types of flagellates

A
  1. trichomonas vaginalis
  2. trypanosoma brucei
  3. Giardia Lambia
80
Q

what does trichomonas vaginalis cause

A

Causes vaginitis in females and urethritis in males
Infection in females manifests with profuse yellowish foul-smelling frothy discharge
Transmitted by sexual intercourse.

81
Q

what does trypanosoma brucei cause

A

causes sleeping sickness.
Infection is characterized by lassitude, inability to eat and unconsciousness.
Transmitted by Tsetse fly.

82
Q

what does Giardia Lambia cause

A

causes diarrhea/ Giardiasis
This diarrhea is characterized by abdominal cramps, steatorrhea and weight loss. It is a water-borne infection

83
Q

What are the three branches of sporozoa

A
  1. Plasmodium Malariae
  2. Toxoplasma Gondii
  3. Cryptosporidium Parvum
84
Q

what does Plasmodium Malariae cause

A

is the sporozoa that causes malaria
Transmitted by an infected anopheles mosquito.
Infection is characterized by severe chills, high fever, sweating, muscle aches, vomiting and often headaches

85
Q

what does Toxoplasma Gondii cause

A

causes Toxoplasmosis
Transmitted by infected cats.
Infection causes stillbirth and other serious congenital defects if contracted by a pregnant woman.

86
Q

what does Cryptosporidiumm Parvum cause

A

causes diarrhea/ Cryptosporidiosis
In severely immuno-compromised patients, the diarrhea is life threatening.
Infection is usually water-borne

87
Q

what are endoparasites

A

endoparasites are insects that inhabit humans and transmit diseases to human beings

88
Q

what is the definition of malaria

A

it is a protozoan disease.
A communicable notifiable debilitating disease, characterised by intermittent attacks of fever , rigors and prostration
Legislation : Regulated under the Health Act of the RSA no 63 of 1977 - It states :
It is an offense to allow mosquito breeding in or upon any premises.

89
Q

how is malaria transmitted

A

Through the bite of an infected female anopheles mosquito
The sporozoites from the mosquito salivary gland are injected into the human as the mosquito must inject anticoagulant saliva to ensure an even flowing meal.
By blood transfusions

Microbiology (8 decks)

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