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Mycology > Classification Of Fungi & Fungi Diseases > Flashcards

Classification Of Fungi & Fungi Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi’s are eukaryotic organisms.
True/ false

A

True

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2
Q

Fungi are not found everywhere in nature.
True/false

A

False

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3
Q

How does fungi digest food??

A

They digest them extracellularly and absorb them from their cell wall.

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4
Q

What is contained in the cell wall of fungi?

A

Chitin, glucan and other Polysaccharides.

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5
Q

What is contained in the cytoplasmic membrane of fungi?

A

Ergosterol.
Cholesterol is seen in bacteria cell memberane.

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6
Q

Mode of reproduction of fungi??

A

Sexually, asexually or both.

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7
Q

What are the two forms of fungi?

A

Unicellular (yeast), but mainly multicellular (moulds)

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8
Q

The mode of respiration in fungi is?

A

Obligate or facultative aerobes.

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9
Q

Fungi must grow with light.
True/false

A

False.. They grow with or without light.

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10
Q

What are the modes of nutrition of a fungi?

A

Parasitic, saprophytic, heterotrophic

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11
Q

What are the fxns of the fungi cell wall?

A

Gives the fungi shape and form.
Protects against mechanical injury.
Prevents osmotic lysis.

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12
Q

The site of action of antifungal like capsofungin is?

A

Beta glucan.

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13
Q

Capsofungin is an echinocandin.
True or false

A

True.

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14
Q

Ergosterol os the site for antifungal drugs like?

A

Amphotericin B, azole group.

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15
Q

What are the morphological stages in a fungi?

A

Vegetative stage.
Reproductive stage.

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16
Q

What kind of structures are the vegetative stage constituted of??

A

Tender thread like structures called hyphae.

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17
Q

A mycelium is??

A

An interconnected network of hyphae.

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18
Q

A hyphae can be septate or non septate
True /false

A

True.

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19
Q

The systems of classification in a fungi include?

A

Morphological systems.
Systemic classification.

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20
Q

Fungi are classified based on their cellular nature into??

A

Single celled forms e.g yeast which reproduces by budding.

Multicellular forms e.g moulds which forms multicellular hypae.

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21
Q

Examples of single celled fungi are?

A

Candida species
Cryptococcus neoformans
Trychosporum spp

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22
Q

Moulds are divided based on their hyphae into?

A

Septate and aseptate

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23
Q

Examples of aseptate moulds include?

A

Zygomycetes.
Rhizopus.
Mucor.

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24
Q

Septate moulds are divided into?

A

Opportunistic.
Dimorphic.
Dermatophytes.

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25
Q

Examples of Dermatophyte fungi include?

A

Trychphyton.
Microsporon.

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26
Q

Examples of opportunistic moulds include?

A

Aspergillus.
Fusarium.
Scedosporium.

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27
Q

Examples of Dimorphics include?

A

Histoplasma
Blastomyces
Penicilum

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28
Q

Based on morphological classification, fungi is divided into?

A

Yeast
Yeast-like fungi
Filamentous/moulds
Dimorphic

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29
Q

What is the morphological classification of fungi?

A

Yeast
Yeast-like fungi
Filamentous
Dimorphic

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30
Q

What are moulds?

A

They are fungi that have/ exist in hyphae form.

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31
Q

What are the examples of moulds?

A

Dermatophytes

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32
Q

What are yeasts??

A

Single celled fungi that bud to reproduce.

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33
Q

What are yeast like fungi??

A

They are fungi that form pseudo hyphae

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34
Q

Examples of yeast?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans.

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35
Q

Examples of yeast like fungi?

A

Candida albicans.

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36
Q

What are Dimorphic fungi?

A

They exist as yeast in tissue and moulds in culture.

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37
Q

The Filamentous form of Dimorphics occurs in what temperature?

A

25°C

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38
Q

The yeast form of Dimorphics occurs in which temperature?

A

37°C.

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39
Q

Examples of Dimorphics are??

A

Blastomyces dermatidis.
Histoplasma capsulatum.
Coccocidiodis immitis.
Paracoccocidiodis brasillensis.

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40
Q

What are the diseases caused by Dimorphics?

A

Sporotrichosis
Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis
Coccidiodomycosis

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41
Q

In the systemic classification of fungi, the Phylum is divided based on??

A

Their sexual spore formation.

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42
Q

The Phylum of fungi is divided into??

A

Ascomyocota.
Basidiomyocota.
Zygomycota.
Deturomycetes.

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43
Q

Zygomycetes reproduce asexually by producing??

A

Sporangia.

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44
Q

Zygomycetes reproduce sexually by producing?

A

Zygospore.

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45
Q

Examples of zygomycetes are??

A

Mucor.
Rhizopus.
Absidia.

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46
Q

Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by?

A

Formation of conidia.

47
Q

Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by?

A

Ascospores…. Present within a sac like structure called ascus.

48
Q

Ascomycetes have septate hyphae.

T/F

A

True.

49
Q

Examples of fungi in ascomycetes?

A

Aspergillus, Penicilum

50
Q

Sexual reproduction of basidiomycetes is done by??

A

Basidiospores formed on basidia

51
Q

Examples of fungi in basidiomycetes

A

Cryptococcus neoformans, mushrooms.

52
Q

What are deturomycetes??

A

Group of fungi whose sexual phases are not identified.

53
Q

Examples of deturomycetes are??

A

Coccocidiodis immitis, Paracoccocidiodis brasillensis
Candida albicans.

54
Q

The types of vegetative spores are??

A

Chlamydospore.
Arthrospore.
Blastospore.

55
Q

How are Blastospores formed?

A

They are formed from budding from parent cells.

56
Q

How are Arthrospores formed?

A

Formed from segmentation and condensation.

57
Q

What are chlamydospores??

A

Vegetative spores formed as thick walled resting spores.

58
Q

What are conidiospores?

A

Spores borne externally kn the sides or tips of hyphae.

59
Q

What are the types of ariel spores?

A

Conidiospores.
Sporangiospores.

60
Q

Classify mycoses based on the route of acquisition?

A

Exogenous
Endogenous

61
Q

What are the modes of transmission of an exogenous fungi?

A

Airborne.
Cutaneous.
Percutaneous.

62
Q

Based on site, mycoses are classified as??

A

Superficial
Cutaneous
Subcutaneous
Systemic

63
Q

Superficial mycoses are also called?

A

Tinea

64
Q

Examples of superficial mycoses are?

A

Piedraia hortae.
Trichosporon cutaneum.

65
Q

What disease does piedraia hortae cause?

A

Black piedraia, a disease of the hair shaft.

66
Q

What Phylum does piedraia hortae belong to?

A

Ascomyocota.

67
Q

Which fungi causes white piedraia??

A

Trichosporon cutaneum

68
Q

Trichosporon cutaneum belongs to which Phylum??

A

Basidiomyocota.

69
Q

The main fungae responsible for cutaneous mycoses are??

A

Microsporon.
Trychophyton.
Epidermophyton.

70
Q

What factors can be considered the virulence factors of cutaneous fungi?

A

Ability to degrade keratin.
Ability to grow on skin as non invasive saprotrophs.

71
Q

The two Subcutaneous mycoses include??

A

Human mycethoma
Sporotrichosis

72
Q

Human mycethoma is caused by?

A

Madurella mycethomatis and M. Grisea.

73
Q

The common name for human madurella is called??

A

Madura foot.

74
Q

Sporotrichosis is caused by??

A

Sporotrix schenckii.

75
Q

The telomorph stage of sporotrix is called?

A

Ophiostoma stenoceras.

76
Q

The anamorph stage of sporotrix is called?

A

Sporothrix.

77
Q

Sporotrichosis is also called?

A

Rose handler’s disease.

78
Q

What is the pathogenesis of sporotrix schenckii??

A
  1. Enters through a minor wound and spreads to lymphatic system
  2. Forms conidia at 25°C and buds at 37°C.
  3. The yeast form is distributed by the lymphatic system and it causes disseminated infections resulting in infections of the lungs, bones, joint, endophthalmitis, meningitis, invasive Sinusitis.
79
Q

What is systemic mycoses?

A

Diseases caused by fungi that affect the whole body.

80
Q

System mycoses are divided into?

A

Diseases caused by primary pathogens.

Diseases caused by opportunistic pathogens.

81
Q

The primary deep pathogens infect the host via??

A

The respiratory tract.

82
Q

The opportunistic pathogens infect the host via?

A

Respiratory tract, alimentary canal, intravascular devices.

83
Q

The primary systemic pathogens include?

A

Coccocidiodis immitis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Paracoccocidiodis brasillensis
Blastomyces dermatidis

84
Q

The opportunistic pathogens include?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans
Candida
Aspergillus spp
Penicilum marneffi

85
Q

Examples of superficial mycoses include

A

Pityrasis versicolor
Piedraia hortae
White piedraia
Tinea nigra

86
Q

Types of tinea infection include?

A

Tinea capitis
Tinea unguium
Tinea pedis
Tinea corporis
Tinea cruris

87
Q

Tinea capitis affects the

A

Scalp

88
Q

Tinea cruris affects the

A

Groin

89
Q

Tinea unguium affects the

A

Nail

90
Q

Tinea corporis is??

A

ringworm

91
Q

For laboratory diagnosis of fungi, where are specimens gotten from?

A

Csf
Blood
Tissue, bone marrow
Vaginal secretions
Stool
Urine
Saliva

92
Q

What are the procedures adopted for direct examination of fungal specimen?

A

Wet mount
Histopathology
Flourecent antibody
Gram staining

93
Q

The diagnosis of fungi is done by two ways which are?

A

Clinical diagnosis.
Laboratory diagnosis.

94
Q

Clinical diagnosis gives presumptive diagnosis of fungal infections.
T/F

A

True.

95
Q

In clinical diagnosis, how is superficial and Subcutaneous fungal infection detected?

A

They produce characteristic lesions that suggest their fungal etiology.

96
Q

In clinical diagnosis, what signifies systemic fungal infection??

A

There’s no sign or symptom that signifies systemic fungal infection.

97
Q

For KOH wet mounts, what systems are used?

A

Slide KOH.
Tube KOH.
Nigrosin and wet India ink.

98
Q

How is slide KOH done?

A
  • The specimens can be identified in wet mounts after partial digestion with 10% - 20% KOH.
  • The clinical specimen like hair, nail, skin should be mounted under cover slip in KOH on slide.
  • It clears btw five to twenty minutes depending on the thickness.
  • A slight warming over a low flame hastens digestion of keratin.
99
Q

What can be supplemented for KOH??

A

Dmso.
Flourecent dye.
Calcoflour white (Detects even scanty amount of fungi).

100
Q

Why is tube KOH prepared??

A

It is prepared for biopsy specimens which take longer time for resolution.

101
Q

How is tube KOH prepared??

A

A homogenised biopsy tissue is dissolved in 10% KOH and examined after incubating the sample overnight at 37°C.

102
Q

Wet India ink and Nigrosin are used for making diagnosis for capsulated fungi.
T/F

A

True.

103
Q

In histopathology, the h&e stain is used for?

A

It is a routine procedure and stains most of fungi.

104
Q

List the specific fungal stains

A

Periodic acid schiff.
Grocott gomori’s methanamine silver.
Gridely stains.

105
Q

Which stain is used to show capsular material of Cryptococcus, endospores etc?

A

Mayer’s mucicarmine stain.

106
Q

What is the use of Flourecent antibody staining?

A

Used to detect fungi antigen in pus, blood, csf, tissue impression smears etc.

107
Q

What limits the use of Flourecent antibody staining?

A

Restricted availability of specific antisera.

108
Q

The media commonly employed for fungal culture is??

A

Emmon’s modification of sabouroud dextrose agar.

109
Q

The pH of fungal culture is?

A

5.4

110
Q

What is the function of gentamycin and chloramphenicol in fungal culture?

A

To prevent bacteria invasion.

111
Q

What is the function of cycloheximide in fungal culture

A

To inhibit saprophytic fungi.

112
Q

The serologic tests used in detection of antibodies include?

A

Immunodiffusion
Elisa
Complement fixation
Whole cell aggultination

113
Q

The serologic tests used in detection of antigens are?

A

Latex particle aggultination
Elisa

114
Q

What are the molecular techniques used in detection of fungi?

A

PCR
Dna probes

Mycology (2 decks)

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