CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AND DISORDERS

Question 1

Therapeutic Effect:

Answer 1

Why you are taking the drug The intended effect of a drug (pain relief or sedation) Sometimes the side effect is the therapeutic effect so it is not always the intended effect

Question 2

Efficacy:

Answer 2

The ability of a drug to produce a desired therapeutic effect How well the drug works This does not means there is good effectiveness as side effect may be very bad

Question 3

Affinity

Answer 3

The tendency of a drug to combine with a matching receptor The greater the affinity the greater ability to combine with the matching recpetor

Question 4

Agonists

Answer 4

A drug that binds to a receptor site and initiates a cellular response An agonist possesses efficacy and affinity

Question 5

Antagonist

Answer 5

A drug that is able to bind to a receptor site to prevent stimulation of the receptor - prevents agonists from stimulating receptors Has affinity but no efficacy

Question 6

Therapeutic Dose:

Answer 6

The therapeutic dose is the recommended amount of a drug that should be used to obtain the desired clinical effect Want to maintain the most minimum dose to reach a therapeutic effect

Question 7

Bioavailability:

Answer 7

The amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation to produce effect required – affected by absorption, inactivation, blood flow, volume e.g. IV vs oral (dosing is not the same)- The IV will have more bioavalibility as oral need to go through the digestive system determined by dosage form – important for providing appropriate doses of meds, with a low TI, one dose using one dose format may not equal the same dose in a different dose format e.g. IV vs oral (dosing is not the same)

Question 8

Loading Dose:

Answer 8

Administering sufficient quantities of a drug to attain therapeutic levels quickly

Question 9

Maintenance Dose:

Answer 9

The amount of drug required to keep a desired mean steady-state concentration in the tissues

Question 10

Half Life

Answer 10

Time necessary to reduce an initial dose by half Characteristics such as plasma protein binding, metabolism, and elimination all contribute to the half-life because these processes remove drug from the blood Important for determining frequency of dosing With a quick half life you dose more frequently This does not have to be a number and for things such as carbon monoxide it can even be a percentage

Question 11

Median Lethal Dose (LD50):

Answer 11

This is the dose at which 50% of the test animals (cats) die

Question 12

Median Effective Dose (ED50):

Answer 12

This is the dose at which 50% of the test animals (dogs)show the desired effect

Question 13

Therapeutic Index (TI):

Answer 13

This is the ratio of the LD50 to ED50 that gives a relative indication as to the safety of a drug TI = LD50 ED50 The greater the TI or the greater the difference between the LD50 and the ED50 the greater the safety of the drug – the closer the TI is to zero the more toxic the drug

Question 14

Synergism:

Answer 14

Occurs when 2 drugs together produce an effect greater than the 2 drugs alone could produce

Question 15

Potentiation:

Answer 15

Like synergism but one drug has no affect but can increase the effect of the other drug

Question 16

Tolerance

Answer 16

Progressive decrease in effectiveness of a drug after time – requires increasing drug amount to produce the same effect due to increased metabolism of the drug by the body

Question 17

Tachyphylaxis:

Answer 17

A rapid decrease in response to a drug – due to tolerance Will not always happen rapidly

Question 18

Hypersensitivity:

Answer 18

An allergic or immune-mediated reaction to a drug

Question 19

Side Effect:

Answer 19

Drug effects other than those that were intended (ex. Tachycardia)

Question 20

Teratogens: (Literally monster producing)

Answer 20

Drugs that are known to cause birth defects

Question 21

Carcinogens:

Answer 21

Any drug/substance that produces cancer or increases the risk of developing cancer

Question 22

3 Phases of Drug Action

Answer 22

Administration0How we giev them the drug Pharmacokinetic-How the body affects the drug; how the drugs get to where it needs to be Pharmacodynamic-How the drug affects the body (therapuetic effect)

Question 23

Enteral

Answer 23

Oral, Reactal, sublingual Tableys, syrups, etc Tylenol

Question 24

Paranteral

Answer 24

Injection Solution Ex.Diprivan

Question 25

Inhalation

Answer 25

Gas, aerosol, Ex. Ventolin

Question 26

Transdermal/Topical

Answer 26

Transdermal-sytemic effect Topic-local effect

Question 27

Oral Medication

Answer 27

slow onset

Question 28

Reactal medication

Answer 28

Suppository slow onset

Question 29

Sublingual

Answer 29

Spray or tabley Fast onset under than tongue

Question 30

Transdermal

Answer 30

Continuous slow dosage

Question 31

Inhalation

Answer 31

Fast onset Local resp effects

Question 32

Intramuscular Subcutaneou

Answer 32

Liquid slow onset

Question 33

Intravenous, intraosseous

Answer 33

fast onset use when you need immediate effect and long term effect

Question 34

Instillation Route

Answer 34

DIREct administration via ETT

Question 35

Smoking and Women

Answer 35

The increase in smoking among women has results in an increase in the rate of COPD and lung cancer in women

Question 36

What is the most preventable risk factor for chronic respirtory diseases

Answer 36

Tobacco

Question 37

Ventilation Problems

Answer 37

Problems with the exchange in alveoli

A problem could be the air sac is filled with fluid because it is harder for air to diffuse through fluid rather than empty space so O2 and CO2 get stuck in the fluid

Less O2 in blood and more CO2 in lungs because its stuck

Ex. Pneumonia, edema

Question 38

Perfusion Problems

Answer 38

Clot in the blood supply around alveolus so it is limiting blood supply around alveolus

No matter we how much O2 we have we don’t have blood to put it into

Ex. Pulmonary embolus

The severity of pulmonary embolus will depend on its location so if it is higher in the bronchus it is more severe